IBM Global Services

ABAP Open SQL Extensions

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Objectives
The participants will be able to:
Describe how to use the following in an ABAP Program:
SELECT DISTINCT Statement Dynamic WHERE Clause Concatenate Statement Join (Inner vs. Left Outer)

Aliases

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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The SELECT DISTINCT Statement

REPORT YAP00007. DATA: CNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY. SELECT DISTINCT COUNTRY FROM Ytabna INTO (CNTRY).

WRITE: / CNTRY.
ENDSELECT. Using SELECT DISTINCT, it is possible to eliminate duplicate rows from the result set.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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SELECT Using Aggregate Functions

REPORT YAP00008. DATA: TOTAL TYPE I, MAX_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES, AVG_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES, MIN_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES.
SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT COUNTRY ) MAX( SALES ) AVG( SALES ) MIN( SALES ) FROM ytabna INTO (TOTAL, MAX_SALES, AVG_SALES, MIN_SALES) WHERE COUNTRY <> SPACE.

WRITE: / Table ytabna Statistics, / TOTAL, Different Countries, /8 MIN_SALES, Lowest Sales, /8 AVG_SALES, Average Sales, /8 MAX_SALES, Highest Sales.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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The Dynamic WHERE Clause

REPORT YAP00009. PARAMETERS: WHERECL1(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = USA , WHERECL2(3) DEFAULT OR, WHERECL3(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = GB . TYPE: BEGIN OF ITAB_RECORD, TEXT(72) TYPE C, END OF ITAB_RECORD. DATA: WHERE_ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ITAB_RECORD INITIAL SIZE 3, WA_WHERE_ITAB TYPE ITAB_RECORD, WA_YTABNA TYPE YTABNA. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL1. APPEND WA_WHERE_ITAB TO WHERE_ITAB. CLEAR WA_WHERE_ITAB. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL2. APPEND WA_WHERE_TAB TO WHERE_ITAB. CLEAR WA_WHERE_TAB. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL3. APPEND WA_WHERE_TAB TO WHERE_ITAB. SELECT * FROM YTABNA INTO WA_YTABNA WHERE (WHERE_ITAB). WRITE: / WA_TABNA-COUNTRY, WA_TABNA-ID. ENDSELECT.
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The parameters entered make up the contents of the WHERE clause. The user has the option of changing the conditions and dynamically effecting which way the program will execute.

An internal table is created which holds the WHERE clause until it is used in the SELECT statement.

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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CONCATENATE Statement
REPORT YAP00010. PARAMETERS: WHERECL1(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = USA , WHERECL2(3) DEFAULT OR, WHERECL3(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = GB .

TYPE: BEGIN OF ITAB_RECORD, TEXT(72), END OF ITAB_RECORD.

DATA: WHERE_ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ITAB_RECORD INITIAL SIZE 3, WA_WHERE_ITAB TYPE ITAB_RECORD, WA_YTABNA TYPE YTABNA, IT_YTABNA TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF YTABNA. CONCATENATE WHERECL1 WHERECL2 WHERECL3 INTO WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT SEPARATED BY SPACE. APPEND WA_WHERE_ITAB TO WHERE_ITAB. SELECT * FROM ytabna INTO TABLE IT_YTABNA WHERE (WHERE_ITAB). LOOP AT IT_YTABNA INTO WA_YTABNA. WRITE: / WA_YTABNA-COUNTRY, WA_YTABNA-ID ENDLOOP.

CONCATENATE <source field 1> <source field 2> <source field 3> : : <source field n> INTO <target field> SEPARATED BY <constant>.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Variations on the INTO Clause

SELECT * FROM <dbtable> REPORT YAP00011. INTO TABLE <internal table> PACKAGE SIZE <n>. DATA: ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ENDSELECT. ytabna INITIAL SIZE 5, WA_ITAB TYPE ytabna. SELECT * FROM ytabna INTO TABLE ITAB PACKAGE SIZE 5. LOOP AT ITAB INTO WA_ITAB. WRITE: / WA_ITAB-COUNTRY, WA_ITAB-ID. ENDLOOP. ENDSELECT.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Specifying the Table Name at Runtime

REPORT YAP00012. PARAMETERS: TAB_NAME(6) DEFAULT TABNA'.

DATA: TABLE_LINE(240).
SELECT * FROM (TAB_NAME) INTO TABLE_LINE. WRITE: / TABLE_LINE.

ENDSELECT.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Demonstration
Using a dynamic select statement in a custom ABAP program.

ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Practice
Using a dynamic select statement in a custom ABAP program.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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CURSOR Processing
OPEN CURSOR [WITH HOLD] <cursor name> FOR <SELECT statement>.

FETCH NEXT CURSOR <cursor name> INTO <work area>.

CLOSE CURSOR <cursor name>.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Declaring and OPENing a CURSOR

REPORT YAP00013. When defining a CURSOR, DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, it must be declared with the BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, data type of CURSOR. NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. When OPENing the CURSOR, the associated SELECT statement is executed DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. with the result set created and stored in IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. memory. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. EXIT. ELSE. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY, YTABNA_WA-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

FETCHing Records from a CURSOR

REPORT YAP00013. DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.

The FETCH statement retrieves the rows from the CURSOR one by one until there are no more rows left.

DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. After the FETCH is executed, the SY-SUBRC is EXIT. tested. Zero indicates a successful retrieval; ELSE. indicates there are no more rows. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY,Four ytabna-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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CLOSING the CURSOR

REPORT YAP00013. DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.

When CURSOR processing is completed, the CURSOR should be closed with the CLOSE CURSOR statement.

DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. EXIT. ELSE. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY, ytabna-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Demonstration
Using cursor in a program to retrieve data from a database table .

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Practice
Using cursor in a program to retrieve data from a database table .

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Joins: Why we should use them ?

Joins are more efficient than logical databases and nested selects. They access multiple tables with one select statement.
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Inner Joins
SCARR SFLIGHT

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

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2005 IBM Corporation

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Inner Joins Syntax

SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM <table1 > INNER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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The Driving table

SELECT scarr~carrname sflight~carrid sflight~connid sflight~fldate INTO (carrid, connid, date, carrname) FROM scarr INNER JOIN sflight ON scarr~carrid = sflight~carrid. WRITE: / carrid, connid, date, carrname. ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

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2005 IBM Corporation

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Left Outer Joins

SCARR

SFLIGHT

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Left Outer Join Syntax

SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM <table1 > LEFT OUTER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Open SQL Syntax Restrictions

The syntax for joins have been given certain restrictions in order to ensure that they produce the same results for all SAP supported databases.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Redundancy

LFA1

BSIK

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Joins Accessing More than Two Tables

SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM (<table1 > INNER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . .) INNER JOIN <table3 > ON <table1~keyfield > = <table3~keyfield > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Aliases

SELECT A~carrname B~carrid B~connid B~fldate INTO (carrid, connid, date, carrname) FROM scarr AS A INNER JOIN sflight AS B ON scarr~carrid = sflight~carrid. WRITE: / carrid, connid, date, carrname. ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Subquery
SCARR SFLIGHT

Which airlines are not found in the sflight table?

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Subquery Syntax/Example

SELECT * FROM scarr WHERE NOT carrid IN ( SELECT carrid FROM sflight ). WRITE:/ scarr-carrid, scarr-carrname. ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Having Clause

List all Luftansa CONNIDs where the sum of LUGGWEIGHT is < 20,000.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Having Clause Syntax/Example

SELECT carrid connid COUNT( *) SUM( luggweight ) INTO (carrid, connid, count, sum_weight) FROM sbook WHERE carrid = 'LH' GROUP BY carrid connid HAVING SUM( luggweight ) > 25. WRITE:/ carrid, connid, count, sum_weight. ENDSELECT.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Demonstration
Using JOIN in select statement of a custom ABAP program retrieve data from two or more related database tables.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Practice
Using JOIN in select statement of a custom ABAP program retrieve data from two or more related database tables.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Summary
SELECT DISTINCT option is used to return only one record for each unique occurrence of data in a column based on a field name. Aggregate functions MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM, and COUNT are a valuable tool for accumulating values across the entire table or a subset of the table rows based on the conditions in the WHERE clause. WHERE clause can be created at runtime and can be created by the user using parameters. It is possible to use the ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY, but not ORDER BY any other field. CURSOR processing enables the programmer to execute SELECT statements that produce multiple row result sets then read/process each row of the result set sequentially.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

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Summary (Contd.)
The CURSOR data type is then associated with a SELECT from a database table in the OPEN statement. Individual rows of the result set are processed using a FETCH statement sequentially until the end of the table is reached. CURSOR processing is terminated using the CLOSE CURSOR statement. At that point the result set is destroyed. Joins have the advantage of accessing multiple tables with one Select statement, thereby reducing the amount of server overhead. Sub queries are a more efficient method of performing complex select statements.

HAVING must be used with aggregate expressions.

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services

Questions
What are the aggregate functions? And why these are used in the select statement? What is the purpose of using CONCATENATE statement? What are the different steps of cursor processing? How data can be retrieved from two or multiple related database table in single select?

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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |

Dec-2008

2005 IBM Corporation