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Chapter Objectives:: Understand The "Big Picture"

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) A class B address allows for 16 bits of network addressing and 16 bits for host addressing 2) To have 30 subnets, we need 5 bits for subnet addressing (2^5 = 32 > 30) 3) That leaves 16 - 5 = 11 bits for host addressing 4) With 11 bits for host addressing, we can have 2^11 - 2 = 2046 hosts per subnet 5) Therefore, the subnet mask that satisfies the needs is 255.255.255.240 So the subnet mask the network manager should use is 255.255.255.240.

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Triyono Ibnu Al-Islam
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40 views

Chapter Objectives:: Understand The "Big Picture"

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) A class B address allows for 16 bits of network addressing and 16 bits for host addressing 2) To have 30 subnets, we need 5 bits for subnet addressing (2^5 = 32 > 30) 3) That leaves 16 - 5 = 11 bits for host addressing 4) With 11 bits for host addressing, we can have 2^11 - 2 = 2046 hosts per subnet 5) Therefore, the subnet mask that satisfies the needs is 255.255.255.240 So the subnet mask the network manager should use is 255.255.255.240.

Uploaded by

Triyono Ibnu Al-Islam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP

Chapter Objectives:
Understand primary functions of transport and network layers

Understand the big picture


Five-layer network model

Examples of Transport/Network Layer Protocols


Examples:
Two Popular transport/network layer protocols Example of transport/network layer protocol not used much in North America Protocol for IBM compatible hardware/software and mainframe environments

Why TCP/IP? What is the expansion of TCP/IP? What are the major functions of TCP/IP?

TCP
Main functions of TCP: Packetizing

What is packetizing? At sender

At final destination

TCP
Thought Questions (with regard to the big picture): With what layer(s) does TCP interface in the 5layer model? If more than two computers are involved in message transmission, then is TCP involved in all the computers? In how many computers is TCP involved?

TCP (Continued)
Some details on TCP header:
TCP header containing 24 bytes (192-bit header) of overhead information is enclosed along with users data:
Examples of overhead information added:
Source and destination address Packet sequence number

Thought Question (with regard to the big picture): Didnt the data link layer already have the source and destination address specified in the DLH? Is TCP duplicating this function of DL?

Port Identifiers
Source Port IDs refer to software used at application layer of source computer Destination Port IDs refer to software to be used at application layer of final destination computer With TCP/IP, each application layer software has a unique port address/identifier. Every standard application layer software on the Internet has a predefined (default) port number.

Port Identifiers
Thought Questions: Could network managers choose not to use the default port numbers? Why would a network manager not want to use a default port number?

Internet Protocol (IP)


What are IPs main functions?
Main functions:

Thought Question:
Is IP involved only at senders or final destination computers? Or is it involved in all interim computers that take part in the message routing as well?

IP (Continued)
Different versions of IP
IPv4 and IPv6

IP creates a IP header
IP header contains (among other overhead information) source and destination address!
Network layer (IP) address
Examples?

IP (Continued)
Thought Question (with regard to the big picture):
In what order are the different headers combined with the user data packet? If DL protocol is Ethernet, and NL protocol is TCP/IP, then what is the maximum packet size for user data? Assume DLH and DLT sizes sum to 26 bytes, TCP header size is 24 bytes, and IP header size is 24 bytes as well. Sample content in each header?

IPv4 Addressing ICANN


Every computer participating on the Internet should use approved network layer (IP) addresses. IP Addresses are approved by ICANN or one of several private companies authorized by ICANN
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
http://www.icann.org/

FAQ on registration of IP addresses


http://www.internic.net/faqs/

IPv4 Addressing Dotted Decimal Notation


Dotted Decimal Notation
Four bytes (8 bits = 1 byte) per address Each byte separated by a dot Each byte expressed in decimal notation
Example:
Dotted Decimal Notation: 192.16.224.254 Binary Notation?:

What is the minimum decimal value any byte can be assigned? What is the maximum decimal value any byte can be assigned?

IPv4 Addressing Class Based Address Structure


IP Addresses were grouped into classes:
Classes A, B, C, D and E Classes A, B and C - used for commercial purposes

The class of the address - determined by examining the first byte of the address and mapping it to a range of values as follows:
Class A: first byte is in the range 1 127 Class B: first byte is in the range 128 - 191 Class C: first byte is in the range 192 - 223

IPv4 Addressing Network and Host Addresses


Each IP address has two parts:
Network Address (assigned/approved by ICANN)
Host Address (assigned by host organization)

For a Class A IP address, the first byte is assigned/approved by ICANN Class A: Network.Host.Host.Host For a Class B IP address, the first two bytes are assigned/approved by ICANN Class B: Network.Network.Host.Host
For a Class C IP address, the first three bytes are assigned/approved by ICANN

Class C: Network.Network.Network.Host

Restrictions for Host address: IP address cannot end in 0 or 255

IPv4 Addressing (Continued) Subnets


Subnets
Part of a network that is logically grouped by IP addresses Example:
Suppose ICANN assigned OSU a set of IP addresses as follows: 128.193.x.x
OSU assigns the host part of the IP address
128.193.75.x; (CS subnet) 128.193.76.x; (BSG subnet) 128.193.76.x; (COB subnets) Can have one subnet for faculty: 128.193.76.____ (faculty subnet) Can have one subnet for IS staff: 128.193.76.____ (IS staff subnet)

Every computer in a TCP/IP network is assigned a subnet mask by the host organization Why?

IPv4 Addressing Subnet Masks


Subnet Mask Applications:

Subnet mask applications (Continued)


Determining if sender and receiver are on same subnet

How to determine if sender and receiver are on the same subnet?


Refer to algorithm provided on separate handout Examples:
Are computer A (IP address: 128.193.78.3) and computer B (IP address: 128.193.78.250) on the same subnet? Do you have sufficient information to answer the above mentioned question? Class Participation Exercise # 2 (Question # 1)

Subnets (Continued)
Partial Subnetting

Subnet mask default values


Example: Class Participation Exercise # 2 (Question # 2)

Partial Subnetting
Subnet masks can also take values other than 0 or 255
Example 1:
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Senders IP: 120.192.40.16 Receivers IP: 120.192.40.30

Example 2: Class Participation Exercise # 2 (Question # 3)

Subnet Mask Applications (Continued)


Subnet mask helps:
Determine if sender and receiver are on same subnet Determine maximum number of computers per subnet Determine maximum number of subnets possible
Example 1:
Background: Assume OSU is assigned a Class C address, and assume that the network manager at OSU has selected the subnet mask value as: 255.255.255.248 Question: Find (a) maximum # of computers per subnet and (b) maximum # of subnets possible

Number of Subnets and Number of Computers Per Subnet

Class C Addresses Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224 (3-bit subnetting) 255.255.255.240 (4-bit subnetting) 255.255.255.248 (5-bit subnetting) 255.255.255.255 (CP # 2 - Q4) # of Computers # of Subnets per subnet

Class Participation Exercise # 2 Question # 5

Background Info: A firm has been assigned a class B address by ICANN. Based on an estimation of future network growth in the firm, the administration plans to have 30 different subnets, and about 2040 computers in each subnet.

Question: What subnet mask value should the network manager use in order to satisfy the planning needs (of the administration) as specified above?

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