Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

MSE 209: Introduction to the Science and Engineering of Materials

Spring 2004 MSE 209 - Section 4 Instructor: Robert E. Johnson Tuesday, Thursday, 9:30 AM - 10:45AM Olsson Hall 005

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Contact Information: Instructor: R. E. Johnson Office: Thornton Hall B103 Office Hours: 11:00 to 11:30am Tue & Thu 12:00 to 1:00pm Wednesday Telephone: (434) 924 7237 E-mail: [email protected] Class web page:
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rej/class209/mse209.html

Class e-mail list: [email protected] T.A. Kaleem Morris E-mail: [email protected] Room Thornton B216

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Grading: Homework: 20% Three 1 hour tests: 50 % The final exam: 30% Homework: 11 problem sets will be will be assigned and will be due at the beginning of class one week after assignment. Homework solutions should be neat and stapled. Homework does not require the pledge and cooperation among students is permitted. Late homework is not accepted Tests: pledged, closed-book and closed-notes

Textbook: W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (John Wiley 1999, 5th edition) I will also post my lecture notes on the web.
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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Syllabus: Types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers,

semiconductors)

Properties of materials (mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical) Different levels of structure in materials (atomic, microscopic, macroscopic) Relation among material processing, structure,
properties, and performance

The main objective is to understand the basic concepts and language of Materials Science

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Chapter Outline Historical Perspective

Stone Bronze Iron Advanced materials

What is Materials Science and Engineering ? Classification of Materials

Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors

Processing Structure Properties Performance

Advanced Materials
Electronic materials, superconductors, etc.

Modern Material's Needs, Material of Future

Biodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, Smart materials

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Historical Perspective
Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms. The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person.

Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.
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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

A better understanding of structure-compositionproperties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic
progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

Processing Materials Optimization Loop

Structure Observational

Properties

Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Structure Subatomic level (Chapter 2)

Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).

Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3)

Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
Annealing of a polycrystalline grain structure

Microscopic structure (Ch. 4)

Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy.
2D simulation using Monte Carlo Potts model. 2D simulations involve 40,000 sites and takes a day to run on a fast workstation, 3D simulations involve 64 million sites, runs on 1000 processors of ASCI-Red.

Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.
Monarch butterfly ~ 0.1 m

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Length-scales Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m

Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m

Interatomic distance ~ a few

A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, point Introduction Length and Time Scales from the of view of Materials Modeling .

Length Scale, number of atoms

1027

0.1

Length Scale, meters

Mesoscopic

Dislocation Dynamics Nature, 12 February, 1998

10-7

Microscopic
Mo Li, JHU, Atomistic model of a nanocrystalline Farid Abraham, IBM MD of crack propagation

10-8

Nanoscopic

Leonid Zhigilei, UVA Phase transformation on diamond surfaces

10-9

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10-12
11

103

10-9

106

10-7

109

Time Scale, seconds

Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction Things Natural

100 m 1 meter (m)

THE SCALE OF THINGS

Things Manmade

10-1 m

Progress in miniaturization

0.1 m 100 mm

Objects fashioned from metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers ... Head of a pin 1-2 mm

Cat ~ 0.3 m

Monarch butterfly ~ 0.1 m

10-2 m

0.01 m 1 cm 10 mm

Bee ~ 15 mm Dust mite 300 mm

10-3 m

1 millimeter (mm)

Microelectronics MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices 10 -100 mm wide

10-4 m
Human hair ~ 50 mm wide Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm

The Microworld

0.1 mm 100 mm

10-5 m

0.01 mm 10 mm
Red blood cells Pollen grain

Visible spectrum

Magnetic domains garnet film 11 mm wide stripes

Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 mm

10-6 m

1 micrometer (mm)
Indium arsenide quantum dot Quantum dot array -germanium dots on silicon

Progress in atomic-level understanding

Schematic, central core

ATP synthase

10-7 m The Nanoworld

0.1 mm 100 nm

10 nm

10-8 m

0.01 mm 10 nm
Biomotor using ATP Self-assembled mushroom

Cell membrane

10-9 m

1 nanometer (nm)

DNA ~2 nm wide Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm 100 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9

10-10 m

0.1 nm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm

meter centimeter millimeter micrometer nanometer

m cm mm mm nm

University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

1m 0.01 m 0.001 m 0.000001 m 0.000000001 m

Chart from http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/scale_of_things.html

The 21st century challenge -- Fashion materials at the nanoscale with desired properties and functionality

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.

Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light.

Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Types of Materials
Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together (Chapter 2). Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Metals

Several uses of steel and pressed aluminum.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Ceramics

Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Polymers

Polymers include Plastics and rubber materials

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Composites

Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Semiconductors

Micro-ElectricalMechanical Systems (MEMS)

Si wafer for computer chip devices.

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different crystal structures (Chapter 3) and resultant Properties

(a)
force

(b)

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different microstructures (Chapter 4) and resultant Properties

Superplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding along grain boundaries, a complex process of which material scientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject of current investigations.
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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Material Selection

How do you decide on a specific material for your application ?

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties Composition

Bonding

Crystal Structure

Thermomechanical Processing

Microstructure

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Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction

Future of materials science

Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
Miniaturization: Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic components, materials for quantum computing. Smart materials: airplane wings that deice themselves, buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc. Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500C, room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts that never require ironing
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