Basisdata (Databases)

Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007). Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-007-110768-6

Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu :

menjelaskan: hierarkhi data, key-filed, tipe file, metode akses dan penyimpanan data; pengertian dan keuntungan sistem manajemen basisdata, dan jenis-jenis akses basisdata yg utama(C2)

Outline Materi

Managing Files: Basic Concepts Database Management Systems Database Models Data Mining The Ethics of Using Databases

Managing Files: Basic Concepts A database is a logically organized collection of related data designed and built for a specific purpose Data is stored hierarchically for easier storage and retrieval
Files: collections of related records
Records: collections of related fields

Field: unit of data containing 1 or more characters Character: a letter number or special
character made of bits
Bit: a 0 or 1 8-4

Managing Files: Basic Concepts

Key Field the field that identifies a record
Often an identifying number, such as social security number Primary keys must be unique (biasanya angka)
Keys are used to pick records out of a database Unique keys make records stand out from each other If two records had the same key, then you might not pick the correct one Nonprimary keys are used to sort records in different ways Foreign keys are fields that appear in two different tables and are used to relate one table to another (utk mengurangi redudancy data)
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Managing Files: Basic Concepts

This example shows a sample database in Microsoft Access. Products is a table. ProductID is the primary key of the Product table. ProductID is also a foreign key in the Orders table

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Managing Files: Basic Concepts

Program files are files containing software instructions
Source program files are written by the software developer in the programming language
Double-clicking on them wont run them They have file extensions like .cpp, .jav, .bas

Executable files are program files translated so they can be executed on the computer
Double-clicking on them will cause them to run They have file extensions like .exe or .com
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Managing Files: Basic Concepts

Data files are files that contain data such as words, numbers, pictures, or sounds
These are the files that are used in databases They have extensions such as .txt .mdb, and .xls Graphics files have extensions like .tiff, .jpeg, and .png (tipe data ditentukan) Audio files have extensions such as .mp3, .wav, and .mid Animation/video files have extensions such as .qt, .mpg, .avi, and .rm

Data files are often compressed to save space and transmit them faster
Compression removes repetitive elements from a file
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Database Management Systems

SYARAT : Software written specifically to control the structure of a database and access to the data

Reduced data redundancy (redudacy = berat + tdk efisien)

Redundant data is stored in multiple places, which causes problems keeping all the copies current (normalisasi data)

Improved data integrity

Means the data is accurate, consistent, and up to date (based on data so its not speculation)

Increased security
Limits who can create, read, update, and delete the data

Ease of data maintenance (semakin mahal, maka semakin

bagus maintenance)

Offer validation checks, backup utilities, and procedures for data inserting, updating, and deletion
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Database Management Systems

3 Principal Components
Data Dictionary A repository that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of the data and the database (deskripsi suatu field + relasi data = manual book lah intinya) DBMS Utilities Programs that allow you to maintain the database by creating, editing, deleting data, records, and files Also include automated backup and recovery Report Generator Program for producing an on-screen or printed document form all or part of a database (convert informasi ke data | data ke informasi)

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Database Management Systems

Database Administrator
Database Administrator (DBA) A high-paid, responsible position within an organization Coordinates all related activities and needs for an organizations database Ensures the databases Recoverability = jika hilang bisa diambil lg Integrity = kebenaran Security = aman Discussion Question: Did Availability = selalu tersedia you know that 93% of companies that lost their Reliability data center for 10 days or Performance more due to a disaster filed for bankruptcy within a year?

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Database Management Systems

Database Administrator
U.S. businesses lose over $12 billion per year because of data loss. Hardware or system failure accounts for 78% of all data loss. (penyebab hd rusak) Human error accounts for 11% of all data loss. Software corruption account for 7% of all data loss. Natural disasters account for only 1% of all data loss. More vital data is being stored in smaller spaces. Instant access to electronic data has become more crucial in day-to-day business. Disaster prevention and recovery plans are often overlooked or outdated. Backup tools and techniques are not 100% reliable. 93% of companies that lost their data center for 10 days or more due to a disaster filed for bankruptcy within one year of the disaster.

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Database Models
Hierarchical Databases Fields or records are arranged in related groups resembling a family tree with child (low-level) records subordinate to parent (high-level) records Root record is the parent record at the top of the database, and data is accessed through the hierarchy Oldest and simplest; used in mainframes

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Database Models
Network Database Similar to a hierarchical database, but each child record can have more than one parent record Used principally with mainframe computers Requires the database structure to be defined in advance

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Database Models
Relational Database
Relates or connects data in different files through the use of a key, or common data element Examples are Oracle, Informix, Sybase Data exists independently of how it is physically stored Users dont need to know data structure to use the database Uses SQL (structured query language) to create, modify, maintain, and query the data Query by Example uses sample records or forms to allow users to define the qualifications for choosing records
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Database Models
Object-oriented Databases
Use objects, software written in small, manageable chunks, as elements within data files An object consists of
Data in any form, including audio, graphics, and video Instructions on the action to be taken with the data

Examples include FastObjects, GemStone, Objectivity DB, Jasmine Object Database, and KE Express Types include
Web database Hypermedia database

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Database Models
Multidimensional Database (data sangat9x banyak)
Models data as facts, dimensions, or numerical answers for use in the interactive analysis of large amounts of data for decisionmaking purposes Allows users to ask questions in colloquial English Use OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) software to provide answers to complex database queries 8-17

Data Mining

Is the computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing fast amounts of data to extract hidden patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge (pattern/pola suatu database sehingga bisa menyimpulkan sesuatu) Data is fed into a Data Warehouse through the following steps Identify and connect to data sources Perform data fusion and data cleansing Obtain both data and meta-data (data about the data) Transport data and meta-data to the Data Warehouse Data Warehouse is a special database that shows detailed and summary data from multiple sources

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Data Mining
Methods for searching for patterns in the data and interpreting the results Regression analysis (numarical--nyari rumus dari suatu pola / data) Develops a formula to fit patterns in the data that has been extracted Formula is applied to other data sets to predict future trends Classification analysis (klasifikasikan berdasarkan sifatnya) A statistical pattern recognition process that is applied to data sets with more than just numerical data

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Data Mining
Applications include A phone company identifying customers with large bills, who were really small businesses trying to pay the cheaper residential rate A coach in the Gymnastics Federation used it to discover what long-term factors contributed to athletes performance Retail stores use it to predict future purchase patterns to help them choose which products to stock for the future

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The Ethics of Using Databases

Identity Theft concerns A crime in which thieves hijack your identity and use your good credit rating to get cash, take out loans, order credit cards, and buy things in your name Privacy concerns Name migration: getting endless junk mail and telemarketing calls Rsum rustling and online snooping Government prying and spying

Discussion Question: Has any one had their identity stolen? How long did it take you to get it straightened out?
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Kesimpulan
Tugas : Hardcopyminggu depandengan coverdisteples Tentang kelanjutan tugas : a. Metode (penulisan) b. Perancangan (tiga minggu terakhir presentasi) Awal : pendahuluan metode perancangan KUNCI DIRUMUSAN MASALAH (apa yg menjadi masalah) LATAR BELAKANG (kenapa itu menjadi masalah)

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