PSTN

Group Members Amber Younas E07-009 Muhammad Ramzan E07-042

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction System Architecture History Advantages and Disadvantages of PSTN Comparison Of Circuit Switched And Packet Switched Market Volume Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the worldwide collection of interconnected public telephone networks that was designed primarily for voice traffic. The normal phone network, or land line.

INTRODUCTION CNTD

Homes are connected to the Central Office (CO) via an analog PSTN line. Four wires held in place by a plastic RJ-11 connector. The inner pair of wires is for line one and the outer pair is for line two. Each wire in the pair has a name (tip and ring), and the two together provide a complete connection to the local CO - giving rise to the name of this connection: the local loop. Each pair of wires transmits

voice, tones Power

The tones consist of both Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) tones you send by pressing the buttons on your touch-tone keypad and information tones from the CO. The power is used to ring your phone and keep it working when your homes power is out (otherwise, how could you call and complain?). Even data from a fax machine or a modem is translated into voice energy which sounds like static - before it's sent over the line.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
PSTN is a circuit-switched network. ( a dedicated circuit or channel is established for the duration of a transmission, such as a telephone call) Uses digital trunks between Central Office switches (CO) Uses analog line from phones to CO
Analog line

Central Office (CO)

Digital Trunks

HISTORY

The first telephones had no network but were in private use. Exchange Principle is used ( each telephone was wired to a local telephone exchange, and the exchanges were wired together with trunks) The PSTN began in 1876 with the formation of American Bell, which later became AT&T In the 1970s the telecommunications industry began implementing packet switched network data services as in PSTN Today only the oldest parts of the telephone network use analog technology In Recent years digital services have been increasingly rolled out to end users using services such as DSL, ISDN, FTTx and cable modem systems.

THE PSTN DIGITIZATION

Voice frequency is 100 - 5000 Hz, with the main portion from 300 3400 Hz Nyquist Theorem states that sampling must be done at twice the highest frequency to recreate. 4000 Hz was chosen as the maximum frequency, thus sampling at 8000 Hz PCM = 8kHz * 8 bits per sample = 64 kbit/s

PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK

Local CO 408-527-xxxx 22,000 in US

Tandem (class 4)

1-10 Km CAT 3

Mostly fiber or microwave running ATM or IP (MCI, Sprint, ATT)

Three major components of PSTN: Local loops Trunks Switching Offices

Circuit switching

CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Time switch
- Makes switching between time slots - In the figure incoming slot 3 is moved to outgoing slot 3 for one voice direction - Each coming timeslot stored in Speech Store (SS) - Control store (CS) determines the order the slot are read from SS - The info in CS is determined during setup phase of the call Space switch - makes switching between PCM lines - works with electronic gates controlled by CS
Cross-point controlled by CS

- dedicated path - constant delay/bandwidth - voice/data - paid by time - examples: PSTN, VPN

TDMA

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (E1)

PCM voice or data The

T1 frame is composed of 230 channels The frame is 193 bits = 1 framing bit + 8 bits * 32 Time Slots (TS) Framing bit creates an additional channel of 8 kb/s Frame rate is 8 KHz, each channel is 8K * 7 bits = 56 Kbps The extra bit is used for CAS (Channel Associated Signaling) E1 32 channels, 2.048 MHz = 32 ch * 8K * 8 bits/ch, CCS

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MODERN PSTN HIERARCHY

to international level Transit exchange

Regional transport level

Local transport level

Local exchange

Access transport level

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PSTN HIERARCHY CONT.

Local (example, within a city)

Subscriber connections Switching within the local exchange Switching to other exchanges Switching traffic between different geographical areas within one country Gateway-type traffic between

Transit (county level, say between Tampere and Helsinki)

International

different countries DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) routes

Rates can follow SONET or SDH standard

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PSTN SERVICES TO CUSTOMERS

The PSTN has proven effective in providing clear call quality for consumers over many years. More Reliable as it provides with the ability to place calls around the world that remain consistently clear and reliable. Dedicated Circuit (No delay and No 1way audio) Digital services have been increasingly rolled out to end users, using services such as DSL, ISDN, FTTx and Cable modem systems.

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CNTD

The technology used by the PSTN in the beginning changed by leaps and bounds and provides a high quality, automated switching communications network.

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ADVANTAGES OF PSTN

No antenna. Straight forward, well establish technology. Easy to set up and maintain. Two-way communications Event notification through one or more stored telephone numbers (such as pagers, internet, cell phone, etc.) to provide a timely warning. Easy installation, only takes around 5-7 working days, this will of course be longer if the line needs to be ADSL preferred. A PSTN line can be used as either a standard phone line and/or fax. If your business is relocating and needs phone lines to be installed as soon as possible then a PSTN line can be a temporary solution.

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DISADVANTAGES OF PSTN
Requires a direct phone line connections Dedicated line required to complete a call Limited scalability Optimum usage of bandwidth not possible Monthly fees applicable for maintenance Higher call charges then VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

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MARKET VOLUME

Market of PSTN is getting down after their voice call services were dwarfed by the growing expansion of mobile phone users in the local telecom market. The shift from voice call services to data and internet services came because operators found their existence under tremendous threat as six mobile phone operators have long ago eclipsed the land-phone service providers. PSTN operators could not compete with the mobile operators in meeting the demand of the ever-growing customers because of lack of professionalism and aggressive market policy from their part and adverse policies on the part of the government which did not allow them to make a sound take-off.
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COMPARISON

A comparison of circuit switched and packet-switched 18 networks.

MESSAGE SWITCHING

(a) Circuit switching (b) Message switching (Packet switching

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LEADING VENDORS

PSTN ONE is a leading global communications infrastructure vendor. PSTN ONE enables Internet telephony service providers (ITSPs) to quickly and efficiently implement, manage and deliver a wide range of solutions for their services.

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THE PATH TOWARDS NGN SOLUTION

NGN

Why migrate? migrate

Step 1
What requirements? requirements

Step 2
Which architecture?

Step 3

PSTN

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KEYMILE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS WHY MIGRATE TO NGN?

Telecom service provider

PSTN infrastructure renewal Network extension: Greenfield and rural areas Improve OPEX, reduce CAPEX Provide new services

Virtual voice service provider

Reduce costs: Bypass other operators network Provide new services (IP Centrex)

ISP/broadband provider
Extend business with voice services to broadband customers Extend addressable market to narrowband customers

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KEYMILE

CONCLUSION

Analysts said the PSTN operators are now focusing on corporate marketing, data services and internet facilities as they have already realized that they would not be able to survive in the highly competitive market by providing services to only general customers. "We have so far relied on voice service as our premium service. Now we are moving to data services and internet to sustain business."
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REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telepho ne_network http://www.ehow.com/list_7311472_advantagespstn.html http://www.in4ma.co.uk/faq/pstn.html http://www.thefinancialexpressbd.com/more.php?news_id=95522

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