HES3121 Design of Steel Structures

Ir. Dr. Adeline Ng Ling Ying

[email protected]
Ext: 7896
Room: E208

1
 Lecture 1a
• Revision
– Idealised structures
• Loads
• Supports
• Beams
– Determinacy and Stability
• Approximate Analysis of Indeterminate
Structures
– Analysis of frames
– Analysis of trusses
2
 Idealised Structure
• There is no exact analysis of a structure
• The loadings on structures and the strength
of the materials are always estimated
• A structural engineer needs to develop the
ability to model or idealize a structure so
that a practical force analysis of the
members can be performed

# 3
 Loads
• Design loading for a structure is often
specified in design codes
• Codes
– AS1170 Structural Design Actions
(HB2.2 Chapter 5, pg. 483)
• Types of loads
– Dead load
– Live load
– Wind load 4
 Idealisation of Loads

Concentrated load

# 5
# 6
Idealisation of Loads

7
 Idealisation of Loads

Concentrated load

Uniformly distributed load Distributed load

(UDL)
# 8
 Idealisation of Loads

Concentrated moment
Concentrated load

Uniformly distributed load Distributed load

(UDL)
# 9
 Idealisation of Supports
• Structural members are joined together
in various ways depending on the
intent of the designer.
• The three types of joints most often
specified are
– The pin connection
– The roller support
– The fixed joint

# 10
 Idealisation of Supports
– Roller (one reaction only) Beam Beam

(Beam cannot move vertically R

R
but can move horizontally and can rotate)

– Pin/Hinge (two reactions) RH Beam

RH
Beam

(Beam cannot move horizontally RV RV

or vertically, but can rotate)

– Fixed (three reactions) M M

(Beam cannot move horizontally RH Beam RH Beam

or vertically and cannot rotate)

RV RV
# 11
 Idealisation of Supports
– Roller Examples

# 12
 Idealisation of Supports
– Pin Examples

# 13
 Idealisation of Supports
– Fixed Examples

Cantilever box girders supporting seats

MCG Southern Stand 14
#
 Idealisation of Supports
• Typical “pin-supported” connection

• Typical “fixed-supported” connection

# 15
 Idealisation of Supports
• Fixed Examples

# 16
 Idealisation of Supports
• Fixed Examples

# 17
BEAMS

# 18
 Beams
• Beams are usually straight horizontal
members between supports to carry
lateral loads,
• Resist bending and shear.
• The main uses of beams are to support
floors and columns, carry roof sheeting
as purlin and side cladding as sheeting
rails.
• They are often classified according to
the way they are supported. # 19
 Types of Beams

Cantilever beam
Simple beam

Propped beam
Overhanging beam

Fixed beam Continuous beam

# 20
 Steel Beams
• The cross section is most efficient
when it is shaped as shown below

• This cross section is commonly

referred to as a “wide flange”
# 21
 Determinacy & Stability
• Determinacy
– All forces can be determined strictly from
equations of equilibrium
• 2D: 3 equations of equilibrium
• 3D: 6 equations of equilibrium

– For a coplanar structure

r 3n, statically determinate } eqn 2.3
r  3n, statically indeterminate }

# 22
 Indeterminacy*
Degree of Statical indeterminacy
Identifying the degree of indeterminacy
Frame (2D)
for beams, frames and trusses.

Beam (2D)

Truss (2D)

Frame (3D) # 23
 *
Degree of Statical Indeterminacy
Equilibrium equations
Beams (2D)  Fy  V 0 (1)
 Fx  H 0 ( 2)
 M 0 (3)
RM 3 unknown reactions,
3 eqns. of equilibrium
Rv Degree of indeterminacy = 3 – 3 = 0
Structure is determinate.

Degree of indeterminacy = 3- 3 = 0
RH
Structure is determinate
Rv1 Rv2 # 24
 *
Degree of Statically Indeterminacy
Adding one support to the
structure adds one degree of
RH
indeterminacy
newly added
Rv1 Rv2 Rv3 support
Degree of indeterminacy = 4-3=1

RH
Degree of indeterminacy
= 5 – 3 = 2 (r > 3)
Rv1 Rv2 Rv3 Rv3

RM

RH
Degree of indeterminacy
= 6 – 3 = 3 (r > 3)
Rv1 Rv2 Rv3 Rv3 # 25
 *
Degree of Statically Indeterminacy
Introducing a hinge reduces
RH one degree of indeterminacy
Degree of indeterminacy
Rv1 Rv2 Rv3
=4–3–1=0
Structure is now determinate.

Two hinges have been

RH
introduced.
Rv1 Rv2 Rv4
Degree of indeterminacy
Rv3
=5–3–2=0

# 26
 Degree of Statically Indeterminacy*
Frames(2D)

RH
RH RH

Rv RM Rv RM Rv RM

 V 0 (1 ) 3 unknown reactions (Rv, RH & RM)

 H 0 (2) 3 eqns. of equilibrium
 M 0 (3) All frames shown above are determinate.
Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3 =0 # 27
 Degree of Statically Indeterminacy*

Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3=0 Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+1=1

Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+2=2 Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+ 3=3 # 28

 Degree of Statically Indeterminacy*

any tree
For all frames
Degree of indeterminacy = 3 -3 = 0
All frames are determinate. # 29
 Degree of Statical Indeterminacy*

+3
+3

Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+3=3 +3

= r - 3n = 9 - 6 = 3

Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+ 3+3 = 6

+3

+3 +3

Degree of indeterminacy = 3-3+3+3+3=9 # 30

 Degree of Statical Indeterminacy*
A three-pinned arch

Degree of indeterminacy =6-3-3=0

Degree of indeterminacy =9-3-2=4

Degree of indeterminacy =12-3-3=6 Degree of indeterminacy =12-3-9=0 # 31

 Degree of Statical Indeterminacy*
Trusses J= (m+R)-2n
Degree of indeterminacy = J
m = No. of members
R = No. of reactions
n = No. of joints (n)
3 member forces (m=3) R2
3 reactions (R=3)
There are in total 6 unknown forces R1 R3
2 eqns. of equilibrium per joint  V 0 (1)
Total nos. of equations = 2n
where n=number of joints  H 0 ( 2)

Degree of Indeterminacy J= (3+3) – 2 x 3 = 0

Structure is determinate # 32
 Degree of Statical Indeterminacy*
Trusses J= (m+R)-2n

R3
R2
R1
15 member forces (m=15)
3 reactions (R=3)
There are in total 18 unknown forces
 V 0 (1)

2 eqns. of equilibrium per joint  H 0 (2)

Total nos. of equations = 2n
where n=number of joints

Degree of Indeterminacy J= (15+3) – 2 x 8 = 2

Degree of indeterminacy is 2
# 33
 Further Reading:
Hibbeler: Structural Analysis,
Chapter 2 & 3

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Next week:
Approximate Analysis of Indeterminate
Structures
Analysis of Frames
• Under vertical loading
• Under lateral loading
Analysis of Trusses
• Member forces
• Deflection

# 35