SPSS WORKSHOP PART 1 26 FEBRUARI 2011

By: Dr. Siti Aisyah Abdul Rahman Department of Human Resource Development Faculty of Management & Human Resource Development Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Content
Introduction to SPSS Defining Variable and Entering Data Data Analysis

introduction
SPSS Statistical Package For Social Science
It is a software to analyze quantitative data in social

science research

Main view in SPSS

1.

Data editor
Data editor is used for new data entry or to modified

the existing data/ It has two views: data view and variable view

Data Editor (Variable View)

Main view in SPSS

2. Viewer (output) It display result of the analysis

Output view

Main menu data editor

Three main menu is vital in data analysis:

Data menu Analyze menu Transform menu

Data menu
It is a menu used to exploit entered data.

Transform menu
It is quite similar to data menu It is a menu used to exploit entered data and variable.

Transform Menu

Analyze Menu
It is used to select analysis procedure Menu and

analysis output.

Analyze Menu

DEFINING THE VARIABLES

Before you can enter your data, you need to tell SPSS about your variable names and coding instruction. You will do this in the Data Editor window. The Data Editor window consists of two different view: Data view and variable view.

Procedure for defining variables

To define each of your variables, you first need to click

on the Variable View at the bottom of your screen. Name:

In this column, type in the brief variable name. Keep the variable

names as short as possible, and not exceeding 64 characters (SPSS version 12 onwards) or eight characters (earlier versions of SPSS). Each variable name must start with a letter, and cannot contain spaces or symbols.

Name

Procedure for defining variables

Type:
The default value for Type that will appear automatically as your enter your first

variable name is Numeric. For most purposes, this is all you will need to use.

Width:
The default value for Width is 8. This is usually sufficient for most data.

Decimals:
The default value for Decimals is 0. You can change this to suit your needs.

Label
The Label column allows you to provide a longer description for your variable

than the eight characters that are permitted under the variable name.

Label

Procedure for defining variables

Values:
In the Values column you can define the meaning of the values

you have used to code your variables.

Click on the three dots on the right hand side of the cell. This opens the value label dialogue box. Click in the box marked Value. Type in 1. Click in the box marked Value Label. Type in Male. Click on Add. You will then see in the summary box: 1 = Male. Repeat for females When you have finished defining all the possible values, click on continue.

Value

Procedure for defining variables

Missing:
Sometimes researchers assign specific values to indicate

missing values for their data. This is not essential SPSS will recognize any blank cell as missing data. If you do intend to use specific missing value codes (e.g. 99 = not applicable), you must specify this in the Missing Values section. Choose the option Discrete missing values and type the value (e.g. 99)

Procedure for defining variables

Columns
The default column width is usually set at 8, which is sufficient

for most purposes. Align The alignment of the column is usually set at right alignment Measure Refers to the level of measurement of each of your variables. The default is Scale, which refers to continuous data measured at interval or ratio level of measurement. Choose Nominal for categorical data, and Ordinal if your data involve ranking or ordered values.

Entering Data
You can enter the data after all the variables have been

defined in Variable View. Data entry process can be done in Data View Data can be imported from other program such as MS Excel

Data Management: Inserting, Deleting case and variable

Insert case: Klik Data menu Insert case
Delete case: Klik Edit menu Clear Insert variable: Klik Data menu insert variable Delete variable: Klik Edit menu Clear

DATA ENTRY USING EXCEL

Data files can be prepared in the Microsoft Excel program and then

imported into SPSS for analysis Warning: Excel can cope with only 256 columns of data (or variables). Step 1: Set up the variable names Set up an Excel spreadsheet with the variable names in the first row across the page. Step 2: Enter the data Enter information for the first case on one line across the page. Dont use any formulas or other Excel function Click on File, Save. In the section marked Save as Type, make sure Microsoft Excel Workbook is selected.

DATA ENTRY USING EXCEL

Step3: Converting to SPSS format
After you have entered the data, save your file and then close

Excel. Start SPSS and, with the Data Editor open on screen, click on File, Open, Data, from the menu at the top of the screen. In the section labelled Files of Type, Choose Excel. Find the file that contains your data. Click on it so that it appears in the File name section. Click on Open button. A screen will appear labelled Opening Excel Data Source. Make sure there is a tick in the box Read Variable names from the first row of data. Click on OK.

Select cases

It is a process to select specific case to analyzed. Clik Data select cases if condition is satisfied Click on the button labelled IF Choose the variable that you are interested in (e.g. sex) Click on the = key from the keypad displayed on the screen Type in the value that relate to the variable (e.g. sex = 1) Click on Continue and then OK

Transform
Two common procedures are used:
Compute Recode

Compute is used to transform the data using

mathematical application. analysis.

Recode is a process to assign code to suit the need of the

Two ways to recode:

Recode to same variable Recode to new variable.

Compute
Clik Transform Compute

Recode
Clik TransformRecode

Reversing negatively worded items

From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Transform, then click

on Recode, the Into Different Variables. Select the items you want to reverse. Move these into the Input Variable Output Variable box. Click on the first variable and type a new name in the output variable section on the right hand side of the screen. Repeat for each of the other variables you wish to reverse. Click on the Old and new values button. In the old Value section, type 1 in the value box. In the New value section, type 5 in the value box. Click on Add. Repeat the same procedure for the remaining score Click on Continue and then OK.

Find cases, variables and values

It is an operation to find cases, variables and values in

data editor This operation is useful to check data Cases: Clik Data go to cases Variables: Utilities variables Go to Values: Edit find dialog box

Sorting
Sorting It is a process to arrange the data in certain

order according to the need of the analysis (e.g. Sex, age). Click on the Data menu, choose Sort Cases and specify which variable will be used to sort by. Choose either Ascending or Descending. Click on OK

Splitting and Merging File

Splitting to separate data for separate analysis. This

process is done in data editor.

Merging to combine data from different file.

Splitting
click

Datasplit file

Merging
To

merge files by adding cases:

Open the first file that you wish to merge. Go the data menu, choose Merge files and then Add Cases. In the dialogue box, click on An external SPSS data file and choose the file that you wish to merge with. (If your second file is already open, it will be listed in the top box, An open dataset.)

Merging

To merge files by adding variables: Sort each file in ascending order by ID by clicking on the Data menu, choose Sort cases and choose ID. Go to the Data menu, choose Merge files and then Add Variables. In the dialogue box, click on An external SPSS data file and choose the file that you wish to merge with. (If your second file is already open, it will be listed in the top box, An open dataset.) In the Excluded variables box, you should see the ID variable listed (because it exists in both data files). (If you have any other variables listed here, you will need to click on the Rename button to change the variable name so that it is unique.). Click on the ID variable, and then on the box Match cases on key variables and on the arrow button to move ID into the Key Variables box. This means that all information will be matched by ID. Click on Continue and then OK. Save your merged file under a different name.