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Essentials of Strength Training & Conditioning

This document discusses neuromuscular anatomy and adaptations to conditioning. It describes motor units, motor neurons, muscle fiber types, recruitment patterns, proprioception, and adaptations to resistance versus aerobic training. Specifically, it explains that motor units are the basic functional unit of muscle activity, consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fibers. It also outlines the major characteristics of the three muscle fiber types and how different fiber types are recruited for various sports.

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Joao Evandro Neto
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35 views

Essentials of Strength Training & Conditioning

This document discusses neuromuscular anatomy and adaptations to conditioning. It describes motor units, motor neurons, muscle fiber types, recruitment patterns, proprioception, and adaptations to resistance versus aerobic training. Specifically, it explains that motor units are the basic functional unit of muscle activity, consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fibers. It also outlines the major characteristics of the three muscle fiber types and how different fiber types are recruited for various sports.

Uploaded by

Joao Evandro Neto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Essentials of Strength Training & Conditioning

Neuromuscular Anatomy and Adaptations to Conditioning Chapter 2

Neuromuscular Anatomy & Physiology

Motor Unit a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates the basic functional entity of muscular activity Motor Neuron nerve that travels from the spinal cord to the target muscle generally has numerous terminal branches to innervate many muscle fibers !hen a motor neuron fires" all fibers it innervates become activated # Precision muscles may have a ratio of muscle fibers to motor neuron that approaches $%$ # &arge muscle group muscle fibers may have hundreds of fibers controlled by one motor neuron 'otor neuron Action Potential arrives at all of the motor end plates innervated by neuron this causes a release of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) Ach diffuses across the neuromuscular synapses and electrochemically e*cites the sarcolemma" causing contraction of all of the muscle fibers All or None Principle !hen an action potential has enough strength to activate a muscle fiber" it activates all muscle fibers supplied by the motor neuron

Neuromuscular Anatomy & Physiology (cont+)

Twitch a short period of activation of the muscle fibers !ithin the motor unit" stimulated by an action potential # ,f a second t!itch occurs before the muscle fiber rela*es" the -orce generated summates # .ecreasing the time interval bet!een t!itches results in greater -orce summation Tetanus !hen continued stimulation of a muscle fiber results in t!itches occurring simultaneously !ithout rela*ation this is the largest amount of -orce that the muscle fiber and motor unit can generate # /0ussian Stimulation1 is an electrical stimulation training techni2ue that utili3es an outside electrical charge to generate large amounts of -orce !ithin a muscle to increase lifting potential" and therefore increasing the training effect Ss

'uscle T!itch Summation 4 Tetanus

'a5or Characteristics of 'uscle -iber Types


Characteristic Contraction Speed -orce production Po!er 7utput Endurance Aerobic en3ymes Anaerobic en3ymes -atigability Capillary density -iber diameter 'itochondria density ATPase activity 'yoglobin Color Type , Slo! &o! &o! 6igh 6igh &o! &o! 6igh Small 6igh &o! 6igh 0ed Type ,,a -ast ,ntermediate 6igh ,ntermediate 8 &o! ,ntermediate 8 &o! 6igh ,ntermediate 8 6igh ,ntermediate ,ntermediate ,ntermediate 6igh &o! 9hite (intermediate) Type ,,b -ast 6igh 6igh &o! &o! 6igh 6igh &o! &arge &o! 6igh &o! 9hite

'otor :nit 0ecruitment Patterns .uring E*ercise

'uscle -orce output varies over a !ide gradation in order to allo! for appropriate use of force to carry out activity in a smooth" controlled manner Frequency of Activation by decreasing the time interval bet!een muscle t!itches" greater force production is attained most commonly used in precision muscles (i+e+ hand" eye) Recruitment increasing the number of motor units activated to produce greater -orce or carry out a particular movement most commonly used in large muscle groups (thigh" gluteals" arms" trun;) ,ncreasing fre2uency of contraction and increasing recruitment occur simultaneously !hen great -orce production is re2uired .epending on the physiological need" different types of muscle fibers are recruited" based on the fibers characteristics

0elative ,nvolvement of 'uscle -iber Types in Sport Events


Event $<<4m sprint =<<4m run 'arathon 7lympic 9eightlifting >arbell s2uat Soccer -ield 6oc;ey -ootball !ide receiver -ootball lineman >as;etball .istance cycling Type , &o! 6igh 6igh &o! 6igh 6igh 6igh &o! 6igh &o! 6igh Type ,, 6igh 6igh &o! 6igh 6igh 6igh 6igh 6igh 6igh 6igh &o!

Proprioception

Proprioceptors speciali3ed sensory receptors located !ithin 5oints" muscles" and tendons sensitive to pressure and tension relay info regarding muscle dynamics to the central nervous system # Provide the nervous system !ith info to allo! for performance of comple* coordinated movements maintains muscle tone Kinesthetic Sense spatial a!areness conscious appreciation of the body in ? dimensions once learned" most proprioception is sub4 consciously controlled T!o most common proprioceptors are the 'uscle Spindle and the @olgi Tendon 7rgan

'uscle Spindle

Muscle Spin le (intrafusal fiber) # Speciali3ed muscle fibers that run parallel to normal muscle fibers (e*trafusal fiber) !ithin a fasiculus provide info regarding muscle length and rate of length change # 'uscle stretch activates the spindle !hich sends a signal to the spinal cord via an afferent (sensory) neuron at the cord the afferent transfers the signal to an efferent (motor) neuron" !hich sends an action potential to the muscle" causing contraction (if AP is great enough) of the muscle fibers # Spindles indicate the degree to !hich the muscle must be activated to overcome the given resistance # Precision muscles have a greater concentration of muscle spindles than larger muscles

@olgi Tendon 7rgan

!ol"i Ten on #r"ans (@T7) proprioceptors located !ithin the tendon of a muscle and in contact !ith e*trafusal muscle fibers activated by stretch of tendon # Stretch activation of the @T7 results in the same type of neuronal path!ay activation as muscle spindle activation" ho!ever the neurons activated are inhibitory" that is" they inhibit muscular contraction" reducing tension !ithin the muscle # @T7As provide protection from e*cess loads

'a5or Adaptations to 0esistance vs+ Aerobic Endurance Training


Bariable Si3e of muscle fibers Number of muscle fibers 'ovement speed Strength Aerobic capacity Anaerobic capacity 0esistance Training ,ncrease No change ,ncrease ,ncrease No change ,ncrease Aerobic Endurance Training No change No change No change No change ,ncrease No change

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