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° Pls Read Pro Forma: Course Objective

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including: 1) Computer architecture involves the design of abstraction layers including the instruction set architecture and machine organization. 2) Important design goals include low cost, low power, performance, functionality, and reliability. A balance must be struck between these goals. 3) Technology such as Moore's Law and improvements in integrated circuits have significant impacts on computer architecture design through increased speeds, densities, and lower costs.

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KC Koay
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49 views

° Pls Read Pro Forma: Course Objective

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including: 1) Computer architecture involves the design of abstraction layers including the instruction set architecture and machine organization. 2) Important design goals include low cost, low power, performance, functionality, and reliability. A balance must be struck between these goals. 3) Technology such as Moore's Law and improvements in integrated circuits have significant impacts on computer architecture design through increased speeds, densities, and lower costs.

Uploaded by

KC Koay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Objective Pls read Pro Forma

What is Comp Sys Arch


Comp Arch = Material + Goal + Computer Type

Comp Arch is the design of the abstraction layer Comp Arch = Instruction Set Arch + Machine Organization
Computer Architect thinks about high-level components, how they fit together, how they work together to deliver performance. building architect

Hardware Designer thinks about circuits, components, timing, functionality, ease of debugging construction engineer Machine Orga hw comp Logic Designers View

Design of IS
ComputerInterface Compiler/System View

Design Goals Low cost


Per unit manufacturing cost (wafer cost) Cost of making first chip after design (mask cost) Design cost (huge design teams, why? Two reasons) (Dime/dollar joke)

Low power/energy
Energy in (battery life, cost of electricity) Energy out (cooling and related costs) Cyclic problem, very much a problem today

Challenge: balancing the relative importance of these goals


And the balance is constantly changing No goal is absolutely important at expense of all others

Our focus: performance, only touch on cost, power, reliability

Design Goals (cont) Functional


Needs to be correct And unlike software, difficult to update once deployed What functions should it support (Turing completeness aside)

Reliable
Does it continue to perform correctly? Hard fault vs transient fault Google story - memory errors and sun spots Space satellites vs desktop vs server reliability

High performance
Fast is only meaningful in the context of a set of important tasks Not just Gigahertz truck vs sports car analogy Impossible goal: fastest possible design for all programs

The important factor that determine the Comp Arch


Parallelism

Technology
Material for development

Programming Languages

Applications
Scientific;Commercial; Desktop; Mobile; Embedded; Deeply Embedded

Interfacing Design Computer Architecture

Operating Systems

History
Computer Architecture: Instruction Set Design Machine Organization Implementation

Technology Basic element


Solid-state transistor (i.e., electrical switch) Building block of integrated circuits (ICs)

Whats so great about ICs? Everything


High performance, high reliability, low cost, low power

Lever of mass production

Several kinds of IC families


SRAM/logic: optimized for speed (used for processors) DRAM: optimized for density, cost, power (used for memory)

Flash: optimized for density, cost (used for storage) Increasing opportunities for integrating multiple technologies

Non-transistor storage and inter-connection technologies


Disk, optical storage, ethernet, fiber optics, wireless

Technology Computers get 10x faster, smaller, cheaper every 5-6 years!
A 10x quantitative change is qualitative change Plane is 10x faster than car, and fundamentally different travel mode

New applications become self-sustaining market segments


Recent examples: mobile phones, digital cameras, mp3 players, etc.

Low-level improvements appear as discrete high-level jumps


Capabilities cross thresholds, enabling new applications and uses

Technology Moores Law


Continued (up until now, at least) transistor miniaturization

Some technology-based ramifications


Absolute improvements in density, speed, power, costs SRAM/logic: density: ~30% (annual), speed: ~20%

DRAM: density: ~60%, speed: ~4% Disk: density: ~60%, speed: ~10% (non-transistor) Big improvements in flash memory and network bandwidth, too

Changing quickly and with respect to each other!!


Example: density increases faster than speed Trade-offs are constantly changing Re-evaluate/re-design for each technology generation

Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Function All computer functions are:


Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

Functional View

rations (a) Data movement

Operations (b) Storage

(c) Processing from/to storage

Operation (d) cessing from storage to I/O

Structure - Top Level

Peripherals

Computer
Central Processing Unit Main Memory

Computer

Systems Interconnection

Input Output

Communication lines

Structure - The CPU

CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

Registers

Arithmetic and Login Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection

Control Unit

ucture - The Control Unit

Control Unit
CPU
ALU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit

Sequencing Login Control Unit Registers and Decoders

Control Memory

Machine Orga Refer to the view of logic designer about comp.


Capability & Performance of function unit (cth., registers, ALU, shifters, dlln.). Interconnection between components How the data/info flow inside and between component How to control the flow of data/info How to coordinate the function unit (to make ISA come true)

Usually machine orga design appropriate with the given ISA.

Consideration in Comp Archi


Application
Operating System Compiler Firmware Software

Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design
Layout

Instruction Set Architecture

Hardware

levels of abstraction Under a rapidly changing set of forces Design, Measurement, and Evaluation

Levels of abstraction Important concept in comp arch is the use of many levels of abstractions. Every level of abstraction contents
an interface (outside view of what it does), and an implementation (inside view of how it works) Interface
A B A Y NAND NAND Y 2 x 1 Mux

Implementation

B
S

NAND

Measurement and evaluation Comp Arch is iterative process -- search for design possiblity -- at any level Accurate measurement and evaluation is crucial to making the right design decisions Creativity
Cost / Performance Analysis

Good Ideas

Bad Ideas

Mediocre Ideas

Level of Representation
temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program Compiler Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program
0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

lw $15, lw $16, sw sw
1100 0101 1010 0000 0110 1000 1111 1001

0($2) 4($2) $16, 0($2) $15, 4($2)


1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111

Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification


ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK

Computer Components Usually Comp. Sys. have five components


datapath to execute arith & logic operation - e.g., adders, multipliers, shifters memory to hold data and instructions - e.g., cache, main memory, disk input send data to comp - e.g., keyboard, mouse output get data from comp - e.g., screen, sound card control give directions to others component

e.g., bus controller, memory interface unit

Comp Component Cost

Computer Workstation Design Target: 25% of cost on Processor 25% of cost on Memory Rest on I/O devices, power supplies, box Processor Control Datapath Memory Devices

Input
Output

Components of Comp Sys


Proc Caches Busses adapters Memory Controllers I/O Devices: Disks Displays Keyboards Controllers

Networks

All have interfaces & organizations

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