Lecture 3:

The Database Development Process

Enterprise Data Model

First step in database development Specifies scope and general content Overall picture of organizational data at high level of abstraction Entity-relationship diagram Descriptions of entity types Relationships between entities Business rules

Figure 2-1 Segment from enterprise data model

Enterprise data model describes the highlevel entities in an organization and the relationship between these entities

Information Systems Architecture (ISA)

Conceptual blueprint for organizations desired information systems structure Consists of:
Data (e.g. Enterprise Data Modelsimplified ER Diagram) Processesdata flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc. Data Networktopology diagram Peoplepeople management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.) Events and points in time (when processes are performed) Reasons for events and rules (e.g., decision tables)

Information Engineering
A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systems Top-down planninga generic IS planning methodology for obtaining a broad understanding of the IS needed by the entire organization Four steps to Top-Down planning:
Planning Analysis Design Implementation

Information Systems Planning (Table 2-1)

Purposealign information technology with organizations business strategies Three steps:
1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects 3. Develop enterprise model

Identify Strategic Planning Factors (Table 2-2)

Organization goalswhat we hope to accomplish Critical success factorswhat MUST work in order for us to survive Problem areasweaknesses we now have

Identify Corporate Planning Objects (Table 2-3)

Organizational unitsdepartments Organizational locations Business functionsgroups of business processes Entity typesthe things we are trying to model for the database Information systemsapplication programs

Develop Enterprise Model

Functional decomposition
Iterative process breaking system description into finer and finer detail

Enterprise data model Planning matrixes

Describe interrelationships between planning objects

Figure 2-2 Example of process decomposition of an order fulfillment function (Pine Valley Furniture)
Decomposition = breaking large tasks into smaller tasks in a hierarchical structure chart

Planning Matrixes
Describe relationships between planning objects in the organization Types of matrixes:
Function-to-data entity Location-to-function Unit-to-function IS-to-data entity Supporting function-to-data entity IS-to-business objective

Example business function-todata entity matrix (Fig. 2-3)

Two Approaches to Database and IS Development

SDLC
System Development Life Cycle Detailed, well-planned development process Time-consuming, but comprehensive Long development cycle

Prototyping
Rapid application development (RAD) Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling Define database during development of initial prototype Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versions

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5)

Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design

Purposepreliminary understanding Deliverablerequest for study

Database activity enterprise modeling and early conceptual data modeling

Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning

Purposethorough requirements analysis and structuring Deliverablefunctional system specifications Analysis Analysis
Logical Design Physical Design

Database activityThorough and integrated conceptual data modeling

Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Logical Design Physical Design

Purposeinformation requirements elicitation and structure Deliverabledetailed design specifications

Database activity logical database design (transactions, forms, displays, views, data integrity and security)

Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design

Purposedevelop technology and organizational specifications Deliverableprogram/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns

Physical Design Physical Design Database activity physical database design (define database to DBMS, physical data organization, database processing programs)
Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design

Purposeprogramming, testing, training, installation, documenting Deliverableoperational programs, documentation, training materials

Database activity database implementation, including coded programs, documentation, installation and conversion

Implementation Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design

Purposemonitor, repair, enhance Deliverableperiodic audits

Database activity database maintenance, performance analysis and tuning, error corrections

Implementation Maintenance Maintenance

Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)

Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

CASE
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)software tools providing automated support for systems development Three database features:
Data modelingdrawing entity-relationship diagrams Code generationSQL code for table creation Repositoriesknowledge base of enterprise information

Packaged Data Models

Model components that can be purchased, customized, and assembled into full-scale data models Advantages
Reduced development time Higher model quality and reliability

Two types:
Universal data models Industry-specific data models

Managing Projects
Projecta planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective that has a beginning and an end Involves use of review points for:
Validation of satisfactory progress Step back from detail to overall view Renew commitment of stakeholders

Incremental commitmentreview of systems development project after each development phase with rejustification after each phase

Managing Projects: People Involved

Business analysts Systems analysts Database analysts and data modelers Users Programmers Database architects Data administrators Project managers Other technical experts

Schema
The word schema comes from the Greek word "" (skhma), which means shape, or more generally, plan. The plural is "" (skhmata). In English, both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms, although the latter is the standard form for written English. Schema may refer to: Model or Diagram
Schematic, a diagram that represents the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema

Database Schema
The schema (pronounced skee-ma) of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). In a relational database, the schema defines the tables, the fields, relationships, views, indexes, packages,procedures, functions, qu eues, triggers, types, sequences, materialized views, synonyms, database links, directories, Java, XML schemas, and other elements. Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database. Levels of database schema Conceptual schema, a map of concepts and their relationships. Logical schema, a map of entities and their attributes and relations Physical schema, a particular implementation of a logical schema

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_schema

Database Schema
Physical Schema
Physical structurescovered in Chapters 5 and 6

Conceptual Schema
E-R modelscovered in Chapters 3 and 4

External Schema
User Views Subsets of Conceptual Schema Can be determined from business-function/data entity matrices DBA determines schema for different users

Figure 2-7 Three-schema architecture

Different people have different views of the databasethese are the external schema

The internal schema is the underlying design and implementation

Figure 2-8 Developing the three-tiered architecture

Figure 2-9 Three-tiered client/server database architecture

Pine Valley Furniture

Segment of project data model (Figure 2-11)

Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture)

Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture) (cont.)