Personality Presentation
Personality Presentation
personality is presumed to be
stable and enduring.
What is Personality?
Personality defined
unique psychological
qualities of an individual that
influence a variety of
characteristic behavior patterns
across different situations and
over time.
People are often confused with two
words
CHARACTER TEMPERAMENT
The overall pattern of Biologically based
regularly occurring characteristic way of
behavior. reacting.
In character, moral The things are inborn
component is more or or born with. This has
moral issues are more. bee classified into
three
Difficult
Slow to worm up
Easy.
Characteristics of personality
It has both physical and psychological
components.
Its expression in terms of behavior is fairly
unique in a given individual.
Its main features do not easily change with
time.
It is dynamic in the sense that some of its
features may change due to internal
situational demands.
Thus, personality is adaptive to situations.
TYPE
OF
THEORIES
TYPE
LEARNING HUMANNISTIC
AND DYNAMIC
BEHAVIORAL EXTINCTION
TRAIT APPROACH
APPROACH APPROACH
APPROACH
Psychodynamic Theories
Theory of
Personality
Structure of Theory of
dynamics &
personality Psycho-sexual
ego-defense
development
mechanism
Freud: psychoanalysis
Id
Ego
Superego
Id
Displacement
– Shift repressed motives from an original object to a substitute object.
Sublimation
– Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into socially acceptable
activities.
Development of personality
Extroverts
Focus on external world and social life
Introverts
Focus on internal thoughts and feelings
Rational individuals
People who regulate their actions
through thinking and feeling
Irrational individuals
People who base their actions on
perceptions, either through their
senses or intuition
Alfred Adler
Compensation
Our efforts to overcome real or
perceived weaknesses
Inferiority complex
Fixation on feelings of personal
inferiority that can to emotional and
social paralysis
Karen Horney
Viewed anxiety as a powerful motivating
force
Environmental and social factors
important seen as being as important as
unconscious sexual conflict
Neurotic trends
Irrational strategies for coping with
emotional problems
Learning & Behavioral Theory
Learning & behavioral theories were made based on classical
& operant conditioning
Based on assumptions
Person
Behavior
Environment
Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
Bandura’s Cognitive Social Learning
Theory: Self-efficacy
EFFICACY OUTCOME
EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONS
TYPE THEORY
Type theory was
divided into two- Type
Type A Theory
Type B
Type Type
A B
Type A
Are always moving, walking, and eating
rapidly;
Feel impatient with the rate at which most
events take place;
Strive to think or do two or more things at
once;
Cannot cope with leisure time;
Are obsessed with numbers, measuring
their success in terms of how many or how
much of everything they acquire.
Type B
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency
with its accompanying impatience;
Feel no need to display or discuss either
their achievements or accomplishments;
Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to
exhibit their superiority at any cost;
Can relax without guilt.
Type Approach
The Greek Physician Hippocrates has
proposed a typology of personality
based on fluid or humour.
He classified people into four
Temperament
i. Sanguine
ii. Phlegmatic
iii. Melancholic
iv. Choleric
Type Approach
i. Sanguine- somebody who is very
cheerful, optimistic and confident.
ii. Melancholic- somebody who is very
depressed
iii. Choleric- somebody who is very hot-
tempered
iv. Phlegmatic- somebody who is very slow.
Erik Erickson
Eight stages of personality development
◘ Trust vs. mistrust
◘ Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
◘ Initiative vs. guilt
◘ Industry vs. inferiority
◘ Identity vs. role confusion
◘ Intimacy vs. isolation
◘ Generativity vs. stagnation
◘ Ego integrity vs. despair
Criticism of Type Theory
About the mythology reliability, there was
no agreement among the observers.
People questioned the consistency. This
increased the importance of situation.
Trait
The most central concept in personality
psychology is the trait.
A trait is a relatively stable predisposition
to behave in a certain way.
Trait are part of the person, not the
environment.
Do Traits Predict Behaviors?
Consistency Paradox
Personality ratings are consistent
while behavior ratings are not
Trait Theory
The goal of trait theory is to specify a manageable
set of distinct personality dimension that can be
used to summarize the fundamental psychological
differences among individuals.
Examples of trait approaches-
Gordon Allport’s list of approximately 4500 traits
Raymond Cattell's reduction to 16 personality
factors
Hans Eysenck’s three-factors model
Allport’s Trait Theory
Gordon Allport is considered the pioneer of trait
approach
He proposed that individuals possesses a
number of traits, which are dynamic in nature.
They determine behavior in such a manner that
an individual approaches different situations with
similar plans. The traits integrates stimuli and
responses which otherwise look dissimilar
Allport categorized traits into-
1. Cardinal trait
2. Central trait
3. Secondary trait
Allport’s Trait Theory
Cardinal trait-
These are highly generalized dispositions. They indicate goal
around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve: e.g. Mahatma
Gandhi's nonviolence & Hitler's Nazism
Such traits are often get associated with name of the person so
strongly that they derive identities
Central trait-
These traits (e.g. warm, sincere, diligent, etc) are often used in
writing a testimonial or job recommendation for a person.
Secondary trait-
The least generalized characteristics of a person are called
secondary trait.
Trait such as ‘like mangoes’ or ‘prefers ethnic clothes’ are examples
of secondary trait.
Factor Theory Of Raymond Cattell
Raymond Cattell believed that there is a common structure on
which people differ from each other.
He tried to identify the primary traits from a huge array of
descriptive adjectives found in language. He applied a statistical
technique called factor analysis to discover the common structures.
He found 16 primary or source trait. The source traits are stable
and a considered as the building blocks of personality.
There are also a number of surface traits that result out of the
interaction of source traits.
Cattell describe source traits in terms of opposing tendencies.
Single Trait Research
Locus of control
Openness:
Imaginative or practical
interested in variety or routine
independent or conforming
Conscientiousness:
Emotional stability: Organized or
Calm or anxious disorganized careful or
secure or insecure careless disciplined or impulsive
self-satisfied or self-pitying
Are The “Big Five” Traits Universal?