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Ethical Decision Making

The document discusses decision making as a process that involves choosing between alternative courses of action to fulfill objectives. It defines a decision as an act of choice where an executive concludes what must be done in a given situation. Decision making is a human process that uses intellectual abilities and involves reasoning to define problems, develop alternatives, evaluate options, choose a solution, implement it, and follow up.

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Prakhar Gupta
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336 views

Ethical Decision Making

The document discusses decision making as a process that involves choosing between alternative courses of action to fulfill objectives. It defines a decision as an act of choice where an executive concludes what must be done in a given situation. Decision making is a human process that uses intellectual abilities and involves reasoning to define problems, develop alternatives, evaluate options, choose a solution, implement it, and follow up.

Uploaded by

Prakhar Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A decision is an act of choice wherein an executive forms a conclusion about what must be done in a given situation.

A decision represents a course of behaviour chosen from a number of possible alternatives. Decision making is a process of selection from a set of alternative courses of action which is thought to fulfill the objectives of the decision problem more satisfactorily than other.

Process of choosing a course of action among the alternative courses of action. Human process involving to a great extent application of intellectual abilities. End process preceded by reasoning. Related to environment Time dimension Has a purpose All actions are involved, eg: defining the problem till final choice.

Peter F. Drucker, Whatever a manager does, he does through decision-making Joseh A. Literer, Decision making is the core of managerial activty DECISION MAKING IS THE ESSENCE OF MANAGING.

Defining the problem: Sufficient time should be spent of defining the problem. Otherwise the manager will answer the wrong question rather than the core problem. Problem should be classified by keeping the factors: Nature of decision Impact of decision Futurity of decision Periodicity of decision

Developing alternative solutions: Next step is the development of alternative courses of action. If limited imagination is there, he can not reach the best decision. Alternatives exist for every decision problem. Effective planning involves a search for the alternatives towards the desired goal.

Evaluation of Alternatives: Problems after identified,, they need to be evaluated to compare their positive and negative aspects.

Choice of the Alternative: Proper evaluation of alternatives could help in rejecting the nonfeasible alternatives and selecting the most appropriate alternative course of action. Following approaches are there: Experience Experimentation Research and analysis Implementing the Decision Follow up

Ethical Decision Making involves taking into consideration ethical issues at various stages of the decision-making process. All steps are same as decision making but in every step ethical aspects are given due consideration.

This approach is called PLUS APPROACH.

P : Policies Is the decision consistent with the organisations policies, procedures and guidelines? L: Legal Is the decision acceptable under the applicable laws and regulations? U: Universal Does the decision conform to the universal principles and values the organisation has adopted? S: Self Does the decision satisfy the managers personal definition of right, good, and fair?

PLUS approach assumes effective communication with all employees; so there is a common understanding of: Organisations policies and procedures as they apply to the situation. Applicable laws and regulations. Set of universal values like, empathy, patience, integrity and courage. Individuals sense of right, fair and good arising from their personal values set.

There are situations where there is no simple choice between right or wrong. Dilemmas are complex situations, when there are not clearcut guidelines either in law or religion. Dough Wallace explains, An ethical dilemma exists when one is faced with having to make a choice among following alternatives.

Significant value conflicts among different interests. Real alternatives that are eqaully justiviable Significant consequences on stakeholders in the situation. The toughest choices are Right Vs Right Trouth Vs Loyalty Individual Vs Community Short-term Vs long-term Justice Vs mercy

Define problem Determine the people who will be affected Analyze how the events happened Test for right for right Vs issues. Apply three approaches to resolve the dilemma. Investigate, if there is any other way out of the situation. Make decision and take action. Revisit and reflect on the decision.

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