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API 570 Piping Inspection Code

Part 2: Pipe Design
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Objectives
Understand B31.3s scope and organization
Know the three needed B31.3 piping classes
Determine the allowable stress S
Determine the Quality Factor E
Calculate pipe thickness
Calculate blank (blind) thickness
Familiarize yourself with basic design issues


Other B31s:
B31.1 Power Piping (Boiler)
B31.4 Pipeline Systems for Liquids
B31.8 Pipeline Systems for Gases
B31.11 Slurry Piping Systems
B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
B31.9 Building Services
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B31.3 Piping Classes
Normal Service
Majority of plant Piping

Severe Cyclic Service
High Stress
Over 7000 stress cycle

Category D
Not damaging humans
Pressure Limit 150 psig
Temp: -20 thru 366
o
F
Duh Utility Piping

Category M
Very Toxic

Nonmetallic

High Pressure
Excess of Flange Class 2500
Not covered
in API 570
exam
Category D
None Code
-20
o
F -366
o
F
0 psig
15 psig
150 psig
Normal or Severe
Cycle
None Code & Category D
Non-Toxic
Non-Hazardous
Non-Flammable
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B31.3 Organization
Table of Content

Chapter I
Scope
Definition

Chapter II-VI
Three Piping Services
Normal Service
Severe Cyclic Service
Category D

Chapter VII-IX
Three Piping Services
Nonmetallic
Category M
High Pressure
Appendix A-Z
App A: S & E
App C: Thermal Growth

Index
Note: Two important tools for finding open book
info Table of Contents and the Index!
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B31.3 Organization Basic Concept
1. Piping classes in Chapter II-VI?
Only Normal Service, Severe Cyclic and Category D. The other three are in Chapter VII-IX not
covered in API exam.

2. How Chapter II-VI organized?
By sequence of project activity. DESIGN the pipethen BUILD the pipethen INSPECT the
pipethen TEST the pipe.

3. How the 3 piping classes (Severe, Normal, Cat D) identified in Chapter II-VI?
Rule 1: If code mentions a piping class then rule applies only to that piping class.
Rule 2: If code does not mention piping classes, then the rule applies to all 3 piping classes
(Severe, Normal, Cat D).

Eg: 304.1.2 Wall Thickness Calcs (class not mentioned)
341.4 Required Examinations
341.4.2 Category D
341.4.7 Normal Service
341.4.3 Severe Cyclic

4. All paragraphs in B31.3 are 3xx. The 3 stands for B31.3

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The B31.3 Players
Owner
Overall responsibility for compliance with the Code

Designer
Design complies with Code

Manufacturer
Provides materials & workmanship that complies with the Code

Owners Inspector
Assure that the Code requirements for inspection, examination and testing are met (TIE)
Full access to all piping work
Owner
Designer Manufacturer Inspector
B31.3 Organization
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Exercise 1
1. What are the qualification requirements for NDE personnel?

2. What are the requirements for the weld metal of tack welds?

3. The Owners Inspector must have how many years of related inspection experience?

4. A hydrotest must be held for at least ______ minutes.

5. Describe the heat treatment called Normalizing

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Answers 1
1. What are the qualification requirements for NDE personnel?
SNT-TC-1A

2. What are the requirements for the weld metal of tack welds?
328.5.1 Made by qualified welder or welding operator

3. The Owners Inspector must have how many years of related inspection experience?
10 years

4. A hydrotest must be held for at least 10 minutes.

5. Describe the heat treatment called Normalizing
A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable temperature above the
transformation range and subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.



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Retirement Thickness
The Formula
PD
2(SE+PY)
t =
304.1.2
P = design pressure (psig)
D = outside diameter (inch) see B16.5 Table
S = allowable stress (psi)
E = quality factor
Y = coefficient from Table 304.1.1

Y produces very minor affect on the calculated thickness. Generally it reduces the retirement
thickness by about 1%. The Coefficient Y for our calculations will be 0.4.
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Info
Thickness Terms

The terms have not been standardized throughout different codes. As a result, the
terms used can be very confusing.

1. Retirement Thickness (this term is not used in code). The minimum thickness
allowed. If the component is below this thickness, the component should be
repaired or replaced.
In B31.3 this is called pressure design thickness
In API 570 this is called required thickness
Many call it minimum thickness or t-min

2. Retirement thickness plus Corrosion Allowance. When ordering new pipe, you
always need to add the appropriate corrosion allowance.
In B31.3 this is called minimum required thickness
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Strength & Stress
Stress Measures Strength
Materials fail when overstressed
Stress = Load/Area
Units: psi (lbs per sq in)

Ultimate Tensile Strength
Stress at which failure occurs
Determined by Tension Test
Also called SMTS Specified Minimum Tensile Strength

Strength the ability to withstand an applied load
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Strength Characteristics
Elastic Properties
Metals stretch when loaded
Metals return to original shape when load is removed
Stretch is proportional to load. Higher load = more stretch

Plastic Properties
High Stress, metal stretches
If above Yield Stress, it does not return to original shape when load is removed.
Permanent deformation
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Info
Definitions

Yield Strength: the stress level where the material behaves plastically. No longer in
the elastic range.

Elastic: the deformation of a metal under a load which causes no permanent
deformation. Elastic behavior is considered to be linear (the greater the pull the
greater the growth/stretch).

Plastic: stressed beyond the elastic limit and results in permanent deformation.


Strength of a plate can very significantly depending on the orientation. The strength is best in
the direction of the roll. Transverse to the rolling direction the strength can be reduced by 30%.
In the through-thickness direction it can even be less!
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Allowable Stress S refer to B31.3 App A-1
Allowable Stress
What the designer is allowed to use in thickness calculation.
Based on Code Safety Factor B31.1 = 3 to 1.
S = SMTS/Safety Factor

Stress vs Temperature
As the temperature increases, the strength decreases
Also S decreases

Failure Stress
Stress = Load/Area
eg 60,000 psi

Allowable Stress
S = SMTS/Safety Factor
eg 60,000/3 = 20,000 psi

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Exercise 2
1. What is the allowable stress for a A106 Gr B pipe that has a design temperature of 700
o
F?

2. What is the allowable stress for a A671 Gr CC70 that has a max operating temperature of
400
o
F?

3. What is SMTS of A106 Gr C pipe?

4. In the stress tables what do single bars represent?

5. In the stress tables what do double bars represent?

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Answers 2
1. What is the allowable stress for a A106 Gr B pipe that has a design temperature of 700
o
F?
16500 psi

2. What is the allowable stress for a A671 Gr CC70 that has a max operating temperature of
400
o
F?
21700 psi

3. What is SMTS of A106 Gr C pipe?
70000 psi

4. In the stress tables what do single bars represent?
Affected by reference note

5. In the stress tables what do double bars represent?
Prohibited by reference note

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Stress on Welds
Circ Weld
Long Weld
Pressure in a cylinder
always creates both circ
and long stress
Circumferential (Hoop) Stress will affects Long Weld

Longitudinal Stress will affects Circ Weld
Stress on Cylinder affected by
Pressure
Thickness
Diameter

Circ stress on cylinder are
generally twice as high as the
longitudinal stress. So long welds
are usually more critical than circ
weld!

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Quality Factor E
What is E
Additional safety factor
For long weld or castings

Determine E
If given a pipe description Table 302.3.4
If given Material spec Table A-1A & 1B

Factors
Seamless Pipe
E = 1.0, no long welds
Rolled & Welded Pipe
Type of weld
Amount of NDE (RT)
Cast Pipe
Material
Casting Method


Note: In ASME Section VIII, E is called Joint Efficiency. Same concept, just different term.
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Exercise 3
1. What is E for A333 ERW pipe?

2. What is the quality factor for A53 Type S?

3. What is E for a pipe with a long weld that is double-butt-welded using Electric Fusion
process?

4. Determine the retirement thickness of seamless 14 NPS pipe. Design pressure is 500 psig and
allowable stress is 15,000 psi at design temperature. Y = 0.4

5. Determine the minimum allowed thickness for an 8 NPS pipe. The pipe is A53 Gr B Type E
(ERW). Design pressure is 400 psig and design temperature is 700
o
F.

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Answers 3
1. What is E for A333 ERW pipe? 0.85

2. What is the quality factor for A53 Type S? 1.00

3. What is E for a pipe with a long weld that is double-butt-welded using Electric Fusion
process? 0.85

4. Determine the retirement thickness of seamless 14 NPS pipe. Design pressure is 500 psig and
allowable stress is 15,000 psi at design temperature. Y = 0.4 t = 0.230

5. Determine the minimum allowed thickness for an 8 NPS pipe. The pipe is A53 Gr B Type E
(ERW). Design pressure is 400 psig and design temperature is 700
o
F. t = 0.122
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Pipe Ordered Thickness
Rolled and Welded
Calculate t
min
Add Corrosion Allowance t
w/CA
= t
min
+ CA
Select nominal thickness t
nom
t
w/CA

Seamless Pipe
Calculate t
min

Add Corrosion Allowance t
w/CA
= t
min
+ CA
Adjust for mill tolerance t
adj
t
w/CA
/0.875
Select nominal thickness t
nom
t
adj

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Exercise 4
1. An 8 NPS A-106 Gr B pipe has a calculated t
min
of 0.182. The specified corrosion allowance is
0.125. What pipe schedule should be ordered?

2. A 4 NPS piping system has a design pressure of 800 psig at 600
o
F. Pipe material is A-106 Gr C.
Specified corrosion allowance is 0.125. What pipe schedule should be ordered?

3. A rolled and welded 12 NPS pipe has a renewal thickness of 0.218 and a corrosion
allowance of 0.100. What pipe schedule should be ordered?
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Answers 4
1. An 8 NPS A-106 Gr B pipe has a calculated t
min
of 0.182. The specified corrosion allowance is
0.125. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 8 Sch 60

2. A 4 NPS piping system has a design pressure of 800 psig at 600
o
F. Pipe material is A-106 Gr C.
Specified corrosion allowance is 0.125. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 4 Sch 80

3. A rolled and welded 12 NPS pipe has a renewal thickness of 0.218 and a corrosion
allowance of 0.100. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 12 Sch 30
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Pipe Structural Minimum
The calculated t
min
is based only on pressure loadings

Other loadings must be considered during design

Dead Loads: weight of pipe & insulation

Live Loads: weight of process, personnel, ice/snow


Specified structural minimums are not listed in the codes.
Usually provided by Owner
Usually a list or chart
Increases with line size

Real Steps to Order Pipe
Calculate t
min
Compare to structural t
min
and pick larger value
Add corrosion allowance
Adjust for mill tolerance
Pick appropriate pipe schedule


Note: Other names for Structural Minimum is Arbitrary Minimum Thickness or Mechanical
Minimum Thickness
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Blanks (Blind) - Thickness
Pressure-rated blinds are thick
Flat is the worse shape for pressure containment

Formula Retirement Thickness

d
g
= inside diameter of gasket
E = 1.0 if no weld


If need to order plate:
Add Corrosion Allowance
Select t
nom

t
nom
t
min
+ CA
SE
P
d t
g
16
3

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Exercise 5
1. Determine the retirement thickness of a blank installed in a 6 NPS line. Design pressure is 300
psig with a design temperature of 900
o
F. The blank is made from stainless steel material A240
Gr 316L. The gasket ID is 6.620.

2. Determine the nominal plate thickness to order for a blind. The design pressure is 325 psig at
400
o
F. The material is A516 Gr 70 (Carbon Steel). The gasket ID is 8.625. The specified
corrosion allowance is 0.200.
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Answers 5
1. Determine the retirement thickness of a blank installed in a 6 NPS line. Design pressure is 300
psig with a design temperature of 900
o
F. The blank is made from stainless steel material A240
Gr 316L. The gasket ID is 6.620. t
min
= 0.4571

2. Determine the nominal plate thickness to order for a blind. The design pressure is 325 psig at
400
o
F. The material is A516 Gr 70 (Carbon Steel). The gasket ID is 8.625. The specified
corrosion allowance is 0.200.

t
min
= 0.4571
t
w/CA
= 0.4571 + 0.2 = 0.6571
t
nom
0.6571
Order round up to 1/16. Therefore need to order 0.688.
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Fluid Service - Limits
Pipe Materials (305)
Cat D All listed materials
Normal Service All listed materials except those limited to Cat D.
Severe Cyclic short list

Miter Ends (306.3)
Flanges (308.2)
Slip-on limits
Severe Cyclic Weld Neck

Bolting (309.2)
Low strength Only for Class 150 & 300 flanges

Socket Welds (311.2.4)
Avoid in crevice corrosion or erosion services
Severe cyclic 2 NPS

Threaded Joints (314)
Avoid in crevice corrosion or erosion services
Avoid in cyclic loadings
Severe cyclic not allowed except non-load items like thermowelds
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Info
Definitions
Listed Materials: Materials listed in the Appendix A stress chart
Miter: Elbow fabricated from pipe using pie shaped sections. Often used on large
diameter pipe.
Straight Thread: Non-tapered threads. Used in threaded pipe unions.
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Pipe Flexibility
A piping system will grow or shrink when the temperature changes
100
FxL
G
G = Growth in inches
F = factor from B31.3 Table C-1
L = length of pipe in feet
Notice F @ 70
o
F. The chart
is based on the pipe being
installed at 70
o
F.
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Exercise 6
1. Determine the total growth of 800 carbon steel line. The line operates at 400
o
F.

2. Determine growth of a 400 SS line that operates at 700
o
F.

3. A 12 diameter carbon steel tube is welded to a 12 SS tube. The tube operates at 800
o
F.
a. How much does the diameter of the CS tube grow?
b. How much does the diameter of the SS tube grow?
c. Describe the condition of this dissimilar weld

Watch out:
Negative temps this is how much cold pipe shrinks.
Dont use Table C-3
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Answers 6
1. Determine the total growth of 800 carbon steel line. The line operates at 400
o
F. G = 21.6

2. Determine growth of a 400 SS line that operates at 700
o
F. G = 30

3. A 12 diameter carbon steel tube is welded to a 12 SS tube. The tube operates at 800
o
F.
a. How much does the diameter of the CS tube grow? G = 0.067
b. How much does the diameter of the SS tube grow? G = 0.088
c. Describe the condition of this dissimilar weld Highly stress thermal fatigue
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Pipe Flexibility
Ways to increase flexibility
Make changes in direction
Expansion loops
Suitable anchors and guides
Expansion joints

Watch out for branch connections
Stresses relax over time

Components
Anchors and Guides
Hangars
Sliding Supports (shoes)
Spring Supports (Constant and Variable)
Counterweights important to check cables and pulleys especially on large lines.

Definitions
Anchors : Prevents movement in all 3 directions (x, y, z)
Guides : Prevents movement in 1 or 2 directions. Allows movement in only 1 or 2 directions.
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Pressure Protection
Most piping is protected by relief devices that are designed to protect
other equipment (eg vessels)

Full area stop valves (block valves) can be used on inlet and outlet of
relief device

Fabrication of Devices
Per ASME Sect. VIII Div. 1

Set Pressure
Per ASME Sect. VIII Div. 1
Thermal relief valves can be set at 120% of Design Pressure
Thermal relief valves are typically needed on long runs of pipe that can be blocked
in (typically found in a tank farm). Heat from the sun warms the lines. As the product
temperature increases, the pressure builds in blocked-in lines. A small thermal
relief valve usually with NPS connections is installed to protect the pipe. Normally
the thermal relief outlet just bypasses one of the closed valves.