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2
MAIN PRODUCTS OF L & T HZW
( 1 ) PRESSURE VESSELS

( 2 ) HEAT EXCHANGER

( 3 ) COLUMNS / REACTORS

( 4 ) EQUIPMENTS FOR DEFENSE

( 5 ) PROCESS PLANT EQUIPMENTS FOR FERTILIZERS
3
CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION
CUSTOMER CONSULTS INSPECTION AGENCIES LIKE,, EIL, IBR,
UDHE, DNV, ETC.. THE AGENCIES GIVE THEIR SPECIFICATIONS TO
MANUFACTURE EQUIPMENTS. THESE SPECs COVER,

( A ) SCOPE OF SUPPLY
- MAIN EQUIPMENT ( VESSEL / REACTOR ETC )
- INTERNALS ( DCBB, TSR, PIPING ETC.. )
- ACCESSORIES ( VALVES, FITTINGS ETC.. )
- MISCELLANEOUS
- SPARES ( TO BE SENT WITH EQUIPMENT )
- DOCUMENTS ( INSPECTION REPORTS, AS BUILT DRGS,
NCRS, DCRS ETC.. )

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( B ) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

- CODE & STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
- DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
- DESIGN LOADING
- MATERIALS
- MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES
- INSPECTION & TESTING
- PTCS & CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
- HYDRO TEST
- COATING & PAINTING
- TRANSPORTATION
- ERECTION & SITE WORK
CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION
5
( C ) DETAILS OF EQUIPMENT

INTERNAL DETAILS
EXTERNAL DETAILS
INSULATION DETAILS
TYPE OF SERVICE

CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION
6
CODE REQUIREMENTS
ASME CODE PROVIDES BASIC GUIDE LINES AND MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS TO BE FULFILLED IN DESIGNING OF EQUIPMENTS.
MAINLY
( 1 ) DESIGN THICKNESS - - - - - - - - ASME SECTION -VIII ( DIV - I & II )
( 2 ) WELDING CONSUMABLES - - - ASME SECTION - II C
( 3 ) HYDRO TEST - - - - - - - - - - - - - ASME SECTION -VIII ( DIV - I & II )
( 4 ) SR CYCLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ASME SECTION -VIII ( DIV - I & II )
( 5 ) WELDING QUALIFICATION - - - - ASME SECTION - IX
( 6 ) NDT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ASME SECTION - V
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PRE-ACTIVITIES BEFORE DESIGN
( 1 ) CALCULATION AS PER CODE FOR MATERIAL
THICKNESS

( 2 ) MAKING CRS & ARM ( BASED ON SPECS CODES )

( 3 ) DRAWING & DETAILED DESIGN REPORT

( 4 ) APPROVAL BY CUSTOMER / INSPECTION AGENCY.

( 5 ) APPROVED DRAWINGS TO SHOPS
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SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS DEPEND UPON
( 1 ) FUNCTION OF EQUIPMENT
( 2 ) PROCESS TEMPERATURE / PRESSURE
( 3 ) TYPES OF CHEMICALS / GAS / FLUID USED FOR PROCESSING.
( 4 ) OTHERS

- IN L & T WE CALL IT ARM ( Additional Requirement of Materials ).
ARM IS IMPORTANT FOR QUALITY DESIGN AND SATISFACTORY
PERFORMANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT.

- ARM CONTAINS LIST OF SUCH REQUIREMENTS AND IT HAS
IDENTICAL NUMBER FOR EACH ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT.
NORMALLY WE SPECIFY ARM Nos. IN DRAWING.

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DRAWING READING
( 1 ) UNDERSTANDING POINTS OF GENERAL NOTES
- EXPLANATION OF IMPORTANT POINTS

( 2 ) IMPORTANT FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DESIGN.
- WIND LOAD
- SEISMIC LOAD
- PIPING LOAD
- HYDRO TEST
- ACID CLEANING
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EXTERNALS
ALL PARTS WHICH ARE ASSEMBLED ON OUT SIDE SURFACE OF
PV ARE CALLED EXTERNALS. SOME REQUIRE GREAT DIMENSIONAL
ACCURACY FOR FITTING ATTACHMENT / ACCESSORIES AT SITE.

- INSULATION RINGS.
- PLATFORM SUPPORT CLEATS.
- LADDER CLEATS.
- DAVITS.
- PIPING CLEATS.
- OTHERS.
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INTERNALS
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INTERNALS
ALL PARTS WHICH ARE INSIDE THE PRESSURE VESSELS ARE
CALLED INTERNALS. THEY PLAY VERY CRITICAL ROLE IN
PROCESSING ACTIVITIES.

- DCBBS ( DOWN COMER BOLTING BAR )
- TRAY SUPPORT RINGS
- TRAYS
- SUPPORT BEAMS
- VORTEX BREAKERS
- OUTLET SCREENS
- DISTRIBUTORS
- OTHERS
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PACKED TOWER INTEANALS
14
BUBBLE CAP TRAYS
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SIEVE TRAYS
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NOZZLES
TO FEED PROCESS LIQUID / FLUID, FOR INSTRUMENT
CONNECTION OR INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE PURPOSE,
NOZZLES ARE PROVIDED IN PRESSURE VESSELS, NOZZLES
ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR FUNCTIONS / USAGE.

- INLET NOZZLE
- OUTLET NOZZLE
- MAN WAY / HAND HOLE
- INSTRUMENT NOZZLE
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IMPORTANCE OF CLAD / OVERLAY
CLAD
PLATES ARE IMPORTED FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. IT
CONTAINS CORROSION RESISTIVE LAYER ( NORMALLY SS )
OF 3 TO 8 MM THK ON CS PLATE.

OVERLAY
NOZZLE FORGING DENDS, SHELLS ALSO REQUIRE CORROSION
RESISTANCE QUALITY, ON WHICH WE DO OVERLAY WELDING
OF SUITABLE QUALITY OF MATERIAL ( NORMALLY SS ).

BOTH CLADDING AND OVERLAY ARE CRITICAL SURFACES OF
EQUIPMENT. IT SHOULD BE PREVENTED FROM DAMAGE DURING
MANUFACTURING.
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TRIGONOMETRY
COS =
ADJACENT SIDE
HYPOTENEOUS
=
BC
AC
TAN =
OPPOSITE SIDE
ADJACENT SIDE
=
AB
BC
SIN =
OPPOSITE SIDE
HYPOTENEOUS
=
AB
AC
C

HYPOTENEOUS
ADJACENT SIDE
OPPOSITE
SIDE
A
B
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l
l = ARC / LENGTH

a = AREA OF SEGMENT

c = CHORD LENGTH

q = ANGLE

r = RADIUS

h = HEIGHT BETWEEN CHORD TO ARC
q

( 2 ) a = 1/2 [ rl - c ( r - h ) ]

( 3 ) h = p - 1/2

( 4 ) r = c
2
+ 4 h
2

8 h


( 1 ) c = 2
h ( 2 r - h )

( 5 ) l = 0.01745 r q

( 6 ) q = 57. 296 l
r

( 7 ) h = r [ 1 - COS ( q / 2 ) ] 4 r
2
- C
2


r
C
h
a
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PRESSURE CONVERSION
1 Kg / cm = 14 . 223 psi ( Lb / In )

1 Kg / cm = 9 . 807 10
4
Newton / m

1 Kg / cm = 0 . 9807 Bar.


1 PSI = 0.06895 Bar.

1 PSI = 0.07031 Kg / cm

1 PSI = 6. 895 10 Newton / m


1 Bar = 10
5
Newton / m

1 Bar = 14.504 PSI

1 Bar = 1.0197 Kg / cm

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WEIGHT CALCULATION
VOLUME = HEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH OR
= AREA OF ODDSHAPE THICKNESS
EX : FIND OUT WEIGHT OF A SHELL.
WEIGHT = VOLUME DENSITY OF MAT. OF SHELL / CYLINDER
= ( R - r ) L 7. 85
= 3.142 ( 125 - 123 ) 400 7.85

= 3.142 ( 125 + 123 ) ( 125 - 123 ) 400 7. 85
= 3.142 ( 248 ) ( 2 ) 400 7. 85
= 4893476.4 gms.
= 4893.5 kgs.
= 4.894 TON.
.
WEIGHT = VOLUME DENSITY
CM G / CM
OD - 250 cm, LENGTH - 400 cm


THICKNESS - 2 cm, MAT-CS
R = 125 cm, r = 123 cm
DENSITY FOR CS = 7.85 G / CM
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CG CALCULATION

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF DENDS ( CG )

( 1 ) HEMISPHERICAL ( m ) = 0.2878 DIA

( 2 ) 2:1 ELLIPSOIDALS ( m ) = 0.1439 DIA

( 3 ) TORI - SPHERICAL ( m ) = 0.1000 DIA
CG
DIA
m
TAN LINE
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TEMPORARY LIFTING LUG
1. FILLET SIZE
THROAT LENGTH = 0.7 t
(Approx.. ) Both Sides
t t
t
JOB ITEM
2. TEMPORARY LUG THICKNESS
t
w
A A
HOLE FOR
HOOK
D
w
C / S AREA ( CM
2
)
SECTION A A
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PIPING DRAWING
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ISOMETRIC
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B. PART OF A TYPICAL P & ID
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DIFFERENT SYMBOLS USED FOR VALVES AND
FITTINGS
37
0
0

90
0

180
0

270
0

M
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