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1
1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory
1-1. Basic principles of PV
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1-1.Basic principle of PV
1-1. Basic principles of PV
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-1-3. Installation example
1-1-4. Basic characteristic
1-1-5. Case sturdy
Contents
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Photo Voltaic cell
Electrode
P-Type Semiconductor
N-Type Semiconductor
Reflect-Proof Film
Electrode
Solar Energy
Load
E
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c
t
r
i
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C
u
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e
n
t

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
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4
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Direction of current inside PV cell
P
N
Current appears
to be in the
reverse direction ?
Inside current of PV cell looks like
Reverse direction. Why?
?
By Solar Energy, current is pumped
up from N-pole to P-pole.
In generation, current appears reverse.
It is the same as for battery.
P
N
Looks like
reverse
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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

P
N
A
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
P
N
V
about 0.5V
(Silicon)
High insolation
Voltage on normal operation point
0.5V (in case of Silicon PV)
Current depend on
- Intensity of insolation
- Size of cell
Low insolation
Normal operation point
(Maximum Power point)
I x V = W
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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Typical I-V Curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

0.49 V 0.62 V
4.95A
5.55A
Depend on
type of cell or
cell-material
( Si = 0.5V )
Depend on cell-size
Depend on
Solar insolation
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Crystalline
Non-crystalline
Single crystal
Poly crystalline
Amorphous
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Conversion Efficiency
of Module
10 - 17%
10 - 13%
7 - 10%
18 - 30%
Conversion Efficiency =
Electric Energy Output
Energy of Insolation on cell
x
100%
Dye-sensitized Type
Organic Thin Layer Type
7 - 8%
2 - 3%
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Silicon
Semiconductor
Compound
Semiconductor
Solar
Cell
Organic
Semiconductor
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Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Formed by melting high purity
silicon like as Integrated Circuit
For mass production, cell is sliced
from roughly crystallized ingot.
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9
Surface of PV cell
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Anti reflection film
(Blue colored film)
Back surface is P-
type.
All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
Example of Poly Crystalline PV
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10
Single crystal Poly crystalline
120W
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
800mm
800mm
1200mm
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
(3.93ft)
2.62ft
3.93ft
(2.62ft)
128W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
Efficiency is higher Efficiency is lower
Same size
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11
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Hierarchy of PV
2 3 W
100 - 200 W
10 - 50 kW
Cell
Array
Module,Panel
Volt Ampere Watt Size
Cell 0.5V 5-6A 2-3W about 10cm
Module 20-30V 5-6A 100-200W about 1m
Array 200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW about 30m
6x9=54 (cells) 100-300 (modules)
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1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Roughly size of PV Power Station.
How much PV can we install in this conference room?
1 kw PV need 10 m
2

Please
remember
10m(33feet)
2
0
m
(
6
6
f
e
e
t
)

Conference
Room
(We are now)
Our room has about 200 m
2

We can install about
20 kW PV in this room
(108 feet
2
)
(2,178 feet
2
)
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13
1-1-3. Installation example
Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Most popular installation
style in Japan.
(Almost 85% PV in Japan )
Owner can sell excess
power to power utility.
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14
1-1-3. Installation example
Roof top of school ,community-center building.
(For education and emergency power)
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15
1-1-3. Installation example
Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )
Relay station on top of mountain
Advertising sign beside highway
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1-1-3. Installation example
Mountain lodge ( Off grid )
1.2kW system
Inverter and controller
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17
1-1-3. Installation example
Stationary power station (Grid connected )
Site: Funafuti Tuvalu
Installation: Feb. in 2008
Capacity: 40kW
Purpose: Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation
and CO2 reduction.
e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu
30kW array 10kW array
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18
1-1-3. Installation example
Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid )
Solar cell capacity: 3.4kW
Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW
Inverter capacity: 5kVA
Site: Mongolia
Installation: May & June in 1999
Purpose: For lighting, refrigerator
and outlet in a hospital.
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1-1-3. Installation example
Solar Home System (SHS)
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array
Controller
Light
Storage battery
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1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
I / V curve and P-Max control
P
N
A
V
To obtain maximum power, current
control (or voltage control) is very
important.
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

I x V = W
P2
PMAX
P1
V
pmax
I
pmax
I/V curve
P- Max control
Power conditioner (mentioned
later) will adjusts to be most suitable
voltage and current automatically.
Power curve
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1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P
N
A
) ( 05 . 0 R
PV character
( I/V curve )
If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,
cross point of resistance character and
PV-Character will be following point.
Then power is 10x0.5=5 W
) ( 05 . 0 R
05 . 0 / V I
R
V
I
Ohms theory
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22
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
P
N
P
N
Mismatch
5A
1A
P
N
P
N
Bypass
Diode
5A
1A 4A
(V)
(A)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

High intensity insolation
Low intensity insolation
I x V = W
5A
1A
Current is affected largely by change
of insolation intensity.
Partially shaded serial cell will
produce current mismatch.
Bypass Diode
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1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
Temperature and efficiency
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Module Temperature (deg.C)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Crystalline cell
Amorphous cell
Typical
(25C)
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
2%
down
When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases.
The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.
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24
1-1-5. Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
P
N
P
N
P
N
) ( 05 . 0 R
) ( 10 . 0 R
) ( 02 . 0 R
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
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25
1-1-5. Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)

12
10
8
6
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2
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
R
V
I
I/V curve of current insolation.
e
8

/

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P
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a
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V

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,

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8

26
1-1-5. Case sturdy
2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25C to 65C, How much
the capacity will be?