# EENG 224

Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Chapter Objectives:
Know the difference between instantaneous power and average
power
Learn the AC version of maximum power transfer theorem
Learn about the concepts of effective or Rms value
Learn about the complex power, apparent power and power factor
Understand the principle of conservation of AC power
Learn about power factor correction


# EENG 224
An Electical Power Distribution Center
# EENG 224
Apparent Power and Power Factor
1
2
cos( ) cos( )
m m v i Rms Rms v i
P V I V I u u u u = =
1
2
m m Rms Rms
S V I V I = =
Apparent Power
cos
Power Factor
( )
v i
P
pf
S p
S
P f
u u
= =

= =
The Apparent Power is the product of the Rms value of voltage and current. It is
measured in Volt amperes (VA).
The Power Factor (pf) is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current. It is also the cosine of the angle of load impedance. The power factor may
also be regarded as the ratio of the real power dissipated to the apparent power of
the load.
The Average Power depends on the Rms value of voltage and current and the
phase angle between them.
# EENG 224
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Not all the apparent power is consumed if the circuit is partly reactive.
Purely resistive
load (R)

v

i
= 0, Pf = 1
P/S = 1, all power are
consumed
Purely reactive
load (L or C)

v

i
= 90
o
,
pf = 0
P = 0, no real power
consumption
Resistive and
reactive load
(R and L/C)

v

i
> 0

v

i
< 0
Lagging - inductive load
Leading - capacitive load
P/S < 1, Part of the apparent
power is consumed
# EENG 224
# EENG 224
Power equipment are rated using their appparent power in KVA.
# EENG 224
Apparent Power
and Power Factor
Both have same P
Apparent Powers and pfs are different
Generator of the second load is
overloaded
# EENG 224
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Overloading of the
generator of the
second load is
avoided by
applying power
factor correction.
# EENG 224
Complex Power
The COMPLEX Power S contains all the information pertaining to the
power absorbed by a given load.
2
2
1
2
Rms
Rms
V
I Z
Z
- -
-
= = = =
Rms Rms
S VI V I
( )
cos( )
Re{ } Real Powe
sin( )
Im{ } ReactivePowe r+ r
Rms Rms v i
Rms Rms Rms Rms v i
Rms v Rm
v
s i
i
jV I
V I
V I
P j
I
Q
V
j
u u
u
u u
u
u u
= Z
= +
= Z = Z
= + =

+ =
Rms Rms
I
S
S
S
V
# EENG 224
The REAL Power is the only useful power delivered to the load.
The REACTIVE Power represents the energy exchange between the
source and reactive part of the load. It is being transferred back and
forth between the load and the source
The unit of Q is volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
2 2
( )
Rms Rms
jX I Z R P Q I j = = + = + S
Re{ }
=Real Power
Im{ }
+ReactivePower
jQ P j = + = + S S S
2
2
= cos( ) Re
= sin( )
{
Im
}
{ }
Rms Rms v i Rm
Rms
s
Rms v i Rms
Q
P V I I
V I
R
I X u u
u u = =
= =
S
S
Complex Power
# EENG 224
Resistive Circuit and Real Power
| |
| |
1
si
0 RESISTIVE

n( )sin(2 )
2
sin( )sin(2 )

1
cos( ) 1 cos(2 )
2
cos( ) 1 cos(2 )

( ) sin( ) ( ) sin( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos(2 )
m m
Rms Rms
Rms R
m m
Rms Rms
Rms Rm
m
ms
m
s
V I t
V I
v t V t i t I t
p V I t t v t
V I t
V V I
t
I
i t
t
u
e u e
e
u e
u e
u e
e u =
= + =
= = +
= +
=

p t ( ) is always Positive
# EENG 224
| |
| |
1
cos( ) 1 cos(
1
sin( )sin(2 )
2
sin( )sin(2 )
sin(
( ) sin( ) ( ) sin( )
(
90 INDUCTIVE

2 )
2
cos(
) (
) 1 cos(2 )

) ( )

2

)
m m
Rms
m m
Rms Rms
Rms Rms
ms
m
L
R
m
V
v t V t i t I t
p t v I t
V I t
V
t V I t
V I t
i t
I t
u e u e
u
u
u e
u
e
e e
e = + =
= =
+
=
+
=
=
( ) is equally both positive and negative, power is circula ing t
L
p t
Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
# EENG 224
If the average power is zero, and the energy supplied is returned
within one cycle, why is a reactive power of any significance?
At every instant of time along the power curve that the curve is
above the axis (positive), energy must be supplied to the inductor,
even though it will be returned during the negative portion of the
cycle. This power requirement during the positive portion of the
cycle requires that the generating plant provide this energy during
that interval, even though this power is not dissipated but simply
borrowed.
The increased power demand during these intervals is a cost
factor that must that must be passed on to the industrial consumer.
Most larger users of electrical energy pay for the apparent power
demand rather than the watts dissipated since the volt-amperes
used are sensitive to the reactive power requirement.
The closer the power factor of an industrial consumer is to 1, the
more efficient is the plants operation since it is limiting its use of
borrowed power.
Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
# EENG 224
| |
| |
1
cos( ) 1 cos(2 )
1
sin( )sin(2 )
2
sin( )sin(2 )
si 9
( ) sin( ) ( ) sin( )
(
n(
) ( ) ( )

0 CAPACITIVE
2
cos(

) 1 cos(2 )


2

)
m m
Rms
m m
Rms Rms
Rms Rms
Rms
m m
C
V I t
V I t
V I t
v t V t i t I t
p t v t V I t
V I t
i t
u
u e
u
u e
u
u e
e e
e
e
= + =
= = +
= +
= =

( ) is equally both positive and negative, power is circulating

S VI
S
S
S
Real Power is the actual power dissipated by the load.
Reactive Power is a measure of the energy exchange between source and reactive
part of the load.
# EENG 224
Power Triangle
a) Power Triangle b) Impedance Triangle Power Triangle
The COMPLEX Power is represented by the POWER TRIANGLE similar to
IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE. Power triangle has four items: P, Q, S and .
0 Resistive Loads (Unity )
0 Capacitive Loads (Leading )
0 Inductive Loads (Lagging )
Q Pf
Q Pf
Q Pf
=
<
>
# EENG 224
T
100 200 300 600Watt
0 700 1500 800Var
S 600 800 1000 53.13
T
T
P
Q
j
= + + =
= + =
= = Z
Power Triangle
Finding the total COMPLEX Power of the three loads.
# EENG 224
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) S P jQ S S P P j Q Q = + = + = + + +
Power Triangle
# EENG 224
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
# EENG 224
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
# EENG 224



Real and Reactive Power Formulation
# EENG 224
P is the REAL AVERAGE POWER
Q is the maximum value of the circulating power flowing back and forward
cos sin
rms rms rms rms
P V I Q V I u u = =
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
| |
| |
( ) cos( ) ( ) cos( )
( ) cos( ) sin( )
=
=Real Power Reactive
sin 2( )
si
1 cos 2(
n
P
)
1 cos 2(
owe
2 )
r
( )
m v m i
Rms Rms v i Rms Rms v i
v
v
v
v
v t V t i t I t
p t V I V I
P Q
t
t
t
t
e u e u
u u u u e u
e u
e u
e u
= + = +
= + +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
# EENG 224
Real and Reactive Powers
CIRCULATING POWER
REAL POWER
# EENG 224
Real and Reactive Powers
V
rms
=100 V I
rms
=1 A Apparent power = V
rms
I
rms
=100 VA
From p(t) curve, check that power flows from the supply into the load for the
entire duration of the cycle!
Also, the average power delivered to the load is 100 W. No Reactive power.
# EENG 224
Real and Reactive Powers
V
rms
=100 V I
rms
=1 A Apparent power = V
rms
I
rms
=100 VA
From p(t) curve, power flows from the supply into the load for only a part of
the cycle! For a portion of the cycle, power actually flows back to the source
from the load!
Also, the average power delivered to the load is 50 W! So, the useful power is
less than in Case 1! There is reactive power in the circuit.
Power Flowing Back
# EENG 224
Practice Problem 11.13: The 60 O resistor absorbs 240 Watt of average power.
Calculate V and the complex power of each branch. What is the total complex power?
# EENG 224
Practice Problem 11.13: The 60 O resistor absorbs 240 Watt of average power.
Calculate V and the complex power of each branch. What is the total complex power?
# EENG 224
Practice Problem 11.14: Two loads are connected in parallel. Load 1 has 2 kW,
pf=0.75 leading and Load 2 has 4 kW, pf=0.95 lagging. Calculate the pf of two loads
and the complex power supplied by the source.
LOAD 1
2 kW
Pf=0.75
Leading


LOAD 2
4 kW
Pf=0.95
Lagging


# EENG 224
# EENG 224
Conservation of AC Power
The complex, real and reactive power of the sources equal the respective sum of the
complex, real and reactive power of the individual loads.
a) Loads in Parallel
b) Loads in Series
For parallel connection:
* * * * *
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
S V I V (I I ) V I V I S S
2 2 2 2
= = + = + = +
Same results can be obtained for a series connection.
# EENG 224
# EENG 224
# EENG 224
Complex power is Conserved