Stoichiometry

2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry:
Calculations with Chemical
Formulas and Equations
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Cottleville, MO
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition
Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.,
and Bruce E. Bursten
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Law of Conservation of Mass
We may lay it down as an
incontestable axiom that, in all
the operations of art and nature,
nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both
before and after the experiment.
Upon this principle, the whole art
of performing chemical
experiments depends.
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
Stoichiometry
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Chemical Equations
Chemical equations are concise
representations of chemical reactions.
Stoichiometry
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

Stoichiometry
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Reactants appear on the left
side of the equation.
CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

Stoichiometry
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Products appear on the
right side of the equation.
CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

Stoichiometry
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
The states of the reactants and products
are written in parentheses to the right of
each compound.
CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

Stoichiometry
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Coefficients are inserted to balance the
equation. 1:2:1:2

CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

Stoichiometry
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
Subscripts tell the number of atoms of
each element in a molecule.
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
Subscripts tell the number of atoms of
each element in a molecule
Coefficients tell the number of
molecules.
Stoichiometry
Reaction Types
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Metathesis (Exchange)*
Acid-base (Neutralization) Reactions*
Gas-Forming Reactions*
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions*
Displacement Reactions *

* Chapter 4
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Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Combination Reactions
Examples:
2 Mg
(s)
+ O
2 (g)
2 MgO
(s)

N
2 (g)
+ 3 H
2 (g)
2 NH
3 (g)

C
3
H
6 (g)
+ Br
2 (l)
C
3
H
6
Br
2 (l)
In this type of
reaction two
or more
substances
react to form
one product.
Stoichiometry
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In a decomposition
one substance breaks
down into two or more
substances.
Decomposition Reactions
Examples:
CaCO
3

(s)
CaO
(s)
+ CO
2

(g)

2 KClO
3

(s)
2 KCl
(s)
+ O
2 (g)

2 NaN
3

(s)
2 Na
(s)
+ 3 N
2

(g)

Stoichiometry
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Combustion Reactions
Examples:
CH
4 (g)
+ 2 O
2 (g)
CO
2 (g)
+ 2 H
2
O
(g)

C
3
H
8 (g)
+ 5 O
2 (g)
3 CO
2 (g)
+ 4 H
2
O
(g)

C
3
H
8
O
3
(l) + O
2
(g)
These are generally
rapid reactions that
produce a flame.
Most often involve
hydrocarbons
reacting with oxygen
in the air.
Stoichiometry
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Formula Weight (FW)
A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for
the atoms in a chemical formula.
So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl
2
, would
be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
1 amu = 1.66054 X 10
-24
g

Formula weights are generally reported for ionic
compounds.
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
?
Stoichiometry
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Molecular Weight (MW)
A molecular weight is the sum of the
atomic weights of the atoms in a
molecule.
For the molecule ethane, C
2
H
6
, the
molecular weight would be


What is percent composition of C and H
in ethane?
C: 2(12.0 amu)
30.0 amu
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
Stoichiometry
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Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the
mass of a compound that comes from
each of the elements in the compound
by using this equation:
% element =
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
(FW of the compound)
x 100
Stoichiometry
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Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane
is
%C =
(2)(12.0 amu)
(30.0 amu)
24.0 amu
30.0 amu
=
x 100
= 80.0%
Stoichiometry
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Avogadros Number
6.02 x 10
23

1 mole of
12
C has a
mass of 12 g.
Stoichiometry
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Molar Mass
By definition, a molar mass is the mass
of 1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol or
g/mole).
The molar mass of an element is the mass
number for the element that we find on the
periodic table.
The formula weight (in amus) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in
g/mol).
Stoichiometry
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Using Moles
Moles provide a bridge from the molecular
scale to the real-world scale.
Stoichiometry
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Mole Relationships
One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains
Avogadros number of those particles.
One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadros number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound.
PtCl
2
(NH
3
)
2
? Pt (195.078) Cl (35.453) N (14)
Stoichiometry
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Finding
Empirical
Formulas
Stoichiometry
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
One can calculate the empirical formula from
the percent composition.
Stoichiometry
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g x = 5.105 mol C

H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H

N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N

O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
1 mol
12.01 g
1 mol
14.01 g
1 mol
1.01 g
1 mol
16.00 g
Stoichiometry
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
C: = 7.005 7


H: = 6.984 7


N: = 1.000


O: = 2.001 2
5.105 mol
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
0.7288 mol
Stoichiometry
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

C
7
H
7
NO
2

Stoichiometry
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Combustion Analysis
Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely
analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this.
C is determined from the mass of CO
2
produced.
H is determined from the mass of H
2
O produced.
O is determined by difference after the C and H have been
determined.
Stoichiometry
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Stoichiometric Calculations

The coefficients in the balanced equation give
the ratio of moles of reactants and products.
Stoichiometry
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Stoichiometric Calculations
xA yB + zC
Starting with the
mass of Substance
A, you can use the
ratio of the
coefficients of A and
B to calculate the
mass of Substance
B formed (if its a
product) or used (if
its a reactant).
Stoichiometry
Calculating Molar Mass

What is the mass in grams of 1.000 mol of glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
?

Analyze We are given a chemical formula and asked to determine its molar mass.
Plan The molar mass of a substance is found by adding the atomic weights of its
component atoms.
Solve
Because glucose has a formula weight of 180.0 amu, one mole of this substance
has a mass of 180.0 g. In other words, C
6
H
12
O
6
has a molar mass of 180.0 g/mol.
Check The magnitude of our answer seems reasonable, and g/mol is the
appropriate unit for the molar mass.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric Calculations
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
How many moles of water will be obtained by burning
180 g of glucose?
How many grams of water will be obtained by burning
180 g of glucose?
How many moles of water will be obtained by burning
18 g of glucose?
How many grams of water will be obtained by burning
18 g of glucose?
How many moles and grams of water will be obtained
by burning 1g of glucose?


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Stoichiometry
Calculating the Number of Molecules and Number
of Atoms from Mass
(a) How many glucose molecules are in 5.23 g of C
6
H
12
O
6
?
(b) How many oxygen atoms are in this sample?


















Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Limiting
Reactants
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
How Many Cookies Can I Make?
You can make cookies
until you run out of one
of the ingredients.
Once this family runs
out of sugar, they will
stop making cookies
(at least any cookies
you would want to eat).
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
How Many Cookies Can I Make?
In this example the
sugar would be the
limiting reactant,
because it will limit the
amount of cookies you
can make.
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount.
In other words, its the reactant youll run out of first (in
this case, the H
2
).
Stoichiometry
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O
2
would be the
excess reagent.
Stoichiometry
4 Li(s) + O
2
(g)

2 Li
2
O(s)
start (given) 4.0 mol 1.0 mol 0 mol
reacted -4.0 mol -1.0 mol +2.0 mol
end 0 mol 0 mol 2.0 mol No LR

For the 4.0 mol of Li to react we need (? mol of O
2
)



Then, there is no LR (ratio according to equation).


needed
2
2
O mol 1
Li mol 4
O mol 1
Li mol 4.0
produced O Li mol 2
Li mol 4
mol 2
Li mol 4.0
2

O Li
2
Stoichiometry
4 Li(s) + O
2
(g)

2 Li
2
O(s)
start (given) 4.0 mol 0.5 mol 0 mol
reacted -2.0 mol -0.5 mol +1.0 mol
end 2.0 mol 0 mol 1.0 mol O
2
LR

For the 0.5 mol of O
2
to react we need (? mol of Li)




(4.0 mol Li given; see equation)
So O
2
is LR (use O
2
in calculation).


needed Li mol 2
O mol 1
Li mol 4
O mol 0. 5
2
2

produced O Li mol 1
O mol 1
O Li mol 2
O mol 0. 5
2
2
2
2

Stoichiometry
4 Li(s) + O
2
(g)

2 Li
2
O(s)
start 8.0 mol 3.0 mol 0 mol
reacted -8.0 mol -2.0 mol +4.0 mol
end 0 mol 1.0 mol xs 4.0 mol Li LR

If O
2
? 12.0 mol -3.0 mol 6.0 mol



Limiting/excess reactant
needed
2
2
O mol 2
Li mol 4
O mol 1
Li mol 8
produced O Li mol 4
Li mol 4
Li mol 2
Li mol 8
2
2

O
Stoichiometry
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Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum
amount of product that can be made.
In other words its the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem.
This is different from the actual yield,
which is the amount one actually
produces and measures.
Stoichiometry
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Percent Yield
One finds the percent yield by
comparing the amount actually obtained
(actual yield) to the amount it was
possible to make (theoretical yield).
Actual Yield
Theoretical Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Stoichiometry
64.0 g of methanol, CH
3
OH, were expected to be
produced in the reaction
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(l)
One student got 56.0 g of methanol for that reaction in
the laboratory. What was the %yield of methanol?
64.0 g of methanol is the theoretical yield
(expected)

56.0 g is the actual yield (in the laboratory)

56.0 g
% Yield = 100 = 87.5 %
64.0 g

Stoichiometry
Practice problems
The following problems have been selected from the exercises
at the end of chapter 2 for your mastery of the contents in this
chapter: 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.20, 3.24, 3.30, 3.34, 3.36, 3.44,
3.46, 3.50, 3.58, 3.68, 3.71, 3.74
Also, study the worked out problems in this chapter.


2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.