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Definitions and Terminology: Manipulated Inputs.. Outputs .??

This document discusses control system design and classification of process variables. It describes three main control configurations: open-loop control which acts without process feedback, feedback control which uses measurements to adjust manipulated variables, and feedforward control which anticipates disturbances. The control design process involves selecting manipulated and measured variables, defining control objectives, and choosing a control configuration like single-input single-output or multiple-input multiple-output. The overall goal is for the control system to maintain process outputs close to their targets and optimize economic performance.

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Rama Chilpuri
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47 views

Definitions and Terminology: Manipulated Inputs.. Outputs .??

This document discusses control system design and classification of process variables. It describes three main control configurations: open-loop control which acts without process feedback, feedback control which uses measurements to adjust manipulated variables, and feedforward control which anticipates disturbances. The control design process involves selecting manipulated and measured variables, defining control objectives, and choosing a control configuration like single-input single-output or multiple-input multiple-output. The overall goal is for the control system to maintain process outputs close to their targets and optimize economic performance.

Uploaded by

Rama Chilpuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Manipulatedinputs..

outputs.??
Process
Definitions and Terminology
Introduction
The control system views the process through its input and output
variables.
PROCESS
.
.
.
.
Output
Variables (y)
.
.
.
.
Input
Variables (u)
INPUTS?
OUTPUTS?
Input Variables
Manipulated
Disturbances
Measured
Unmeasured
Classification of Input Variables
represent the effect of the
surroundings on the
process.
can be adjusted freely by a
human operator or a
control system..
are not the result of an
adjustment by an operator
or a control system.
Unmeasured disturbances
generate the most difficult
control problem !!!
Classification of Input Variables
Output Variables
Measured
Unmeasured
Classification of Output Variables
represent the effect of the
process on the surroundings
External Disturbances
Manipulated
Variables (m)
Unmeasured (d) Measured (d)
Measured
Outputs (y)
Unmeasured Outputs (z)
PROCESS
.... ....
.
.
.
.
....
General Process Representation
INPUTS?
OUTPUTS?
Example Pulp Digester
Chip properties
Liquor properties
Cook conditions
Zone temperatures
Liquor concentrations
Kappa numbers
Control Design Problem
u(t) y(t)
Process ?
d(t)
Process
Open-Loop Control
Control Design Problem
?
Feedback Control
u(t) y(t)
d(t)
Process
? ?
?
Feedforward Control
Control Design Problem
u(t) y(t)
Process
d(t)
Process ?
?
Feedforward-Feedback Control
Control Design Problem
u(t)
y(t)
Process
d(t)
There are at least three possible configurations:

- Case 1: The control mechanism acts without any information
about the current status of the process.
Open-loop control
- Case 2: The control mechanism acts using the information fed
back from the measurements.
Feedback Control
- Case 3: The control mechanism anticipates the effect of the
disturbance.
Feedforward control
Control Design Problem
Example - Blending
F
1
, x
1
F
2
, x
2
F, x
Inputs: F
1
, x
1
, F
2
, x
2
Outputs: F, x, V
Two liquid streams each with a different composition are mixed in a
vessel.

Aim is to produce a product with a desired concentration while
maintaining a constant level in the tank.
Controller
Example - Blending
Feedforward Controller
CI
Monitor composition variations
in a feed stream and adjust
the flow rate of the other.
CI
Controller
Example - Blending
Feedback Controller
Monitor product composition
and adjust the flow rate of
one of the feed streams.
Control Configurations
Depending on how many controlled outputs
and manipulated inputs we have in a given
process, we can classify the control
configuration as one of:

- Single Input-Single Output (SISO) control.
or,
- Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) control.
Example - Blending
LI QI
QC LC
Two Input-Two Output System
Composition Control Loop
Level Control Loop Level Control Loop
The control design task is a much more
involved question than a simple
adjustment of the controller parameters.
It involves a whole strategy of design !!!
Control System Design
Control System Design - Steps
Controller Tuning
Select Control Configuration
Select Manipulated Variables
Select Measured Variables
Define Control Objectives
Maintain process output
variables close to their
targets.

By ensuring stability,
eliminating disturbances,
and optimizing the
economic performance of
the process, the control
system strives to achieve
this objective.
Control System Design - Steps
Controller Tuning
Select Control Configuration
Select Manipulated Variables
Select Measured Variables
Define Control Objectives
We need a means to
monitor the performance of
the process.

We would like to directly
monitor the variables that
represent the control
objectives.
Control System Design - Steps
Controller Tuning
Select Control Configuration
Select Manipulated Variables
Select Measured Variables
Define Control Objectives
How can we cause a
change in the process?

In other words, what are
the variables to be
manipulated to achieve the
control objectives?
Control System Design - Steps
Controller Tuning
Select Control Configuration
Select Manipulated Variables
Select Measured Variables
Define Control Objectives
The control configuration
is the information
structure used to match
the available
measurements with the
available manipulated
variables.

Feedback, feedforward,
SISO, MIMO, etc
Control System Design - Steps
Controller Tuning
Select Control Configuration
Select Manipulated Variables
Select Measured Variables
Define Control Objectives
How is the information
taken from the
measurements used to
adjust the values of the
manipulated variables?

The answer to this
question constitutes the
control law, which is
implemented automatically
by the controller.
24
1. Measur ement
and Actuati on
2. Safety, Envi ronment
and Equipment
Protecti on
3a. Regulator y
Contr ol
4. Real -Ti me
Optimi zation
5. Planni ng and
Schedul ing
Process
3b. Multi vari abl e
and Constraint
Contr ol
(days-months )
(< 1 second)
(< 1 second)
(seconds- minutes )
(minutes-hour s )
(hour s- days)
Figure. Hierarchy of
process control activities.
25
Figure. Major steps
in control system
development
Summary
Classification of variables is the first step towards the
definition of the control problem.

One can affect the dynamic behavior of a process by many
configurations including feedback, feedforward and their
combination.

Definition of the control problem involves the specification of
the control objectives and the variables associated with these
objectives.
Only with a thorough knowledge of the process dynamics,
we can design controllers that meet the operational
objectives and yield large benefits.

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