Scribd
Upload
33 views

Genetics

This document outlines the topics and concepts to be covered in a chemistry course. It includes reviewing statistical analysis techniques, identifying incorrect data, performing linear regression, and discussing quality assurance and calibration methods. Key concepts are comparing measurements to known values, determining if measurements differ statistically, validating analytical methods, and understanding limits of detection, accuracy, and the method of standard additions. The document also introduces the topics of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants, and how Le Chatelier's principle and thermodynamics relate to equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Gabriela Frederick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Genetics

This document outlines the topics and concepts to be covered in a chemistry course. It includes reviewing statistical analysis techniques, identifying incorrect data, performing linear regression, and discussing quality assurance and calibration methods. Key concepts are comparing measurements to known values, determining if measurements differ statistically, validating analytical methods, and understanding limits of detection, accuracy, and the method of standard additions. The document also introduces the topics of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants, and how Le Chatelier's principle and thermodynamics relate to equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Gabriela Frederick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Chem 222 09 Sep 2014

What I expect from last time:


to be able to compare a mean measurement
to a known true value at a given C.L.
To be able to determine if two different
measurements give statistically different
results.
To know how to discard data
To be able to perform a linear regression and
determine errors associated with parameters
To be able to add error bars to a data series
Data gone bad
How would you know data is incorrect?

Test for incorrect data: Grubbs test
If G
calc
< G
table
, then there is no difference
(G values Table 4-5)

Using a calibration curve
How to find the
concentration of
an unknown?
Error?

Linear regression spread sheet

Chap 5: Quality Assurance &
Calibration Methods
Quality Assurance (QA)
Use Objective: States purpose for which the results
will be used
Specifications: Performance needed
Sampling requirements
Accuracy & precision
Rate of false results
Selectivity
Sensitivity
Acceptable blank values
Calibration checks
Quality control samples
Assessment: Were the specifications achieved?

Method Validation
Process of proving a method is acceptable for the
stated purpose.
Example from pharmaceutical industry:
Specificity
Linearity
Accuracy
Precision
Range
Limit of detection
Limit of quantitation
Robustness
Process of proving a method is acceptable for the
stated purpose.
Example from pharmaceutical industry:
Specificity
Linearity
Accuracy
Precision
Range
Limit of detection
Limit of quantitation
Robustness
Method Validation: Limits of Detection
& Quantitation
LOD: The smallest quantity of analyte that is
significantly different from the blank

Estimate sample concentration near LOD.
Measure signal from n replicates (n>7).
Compute Std Dev (s) from measurements
Measure signal from n blanks (y
blank
)
LOD & Sensitivity
Which method is more analytically sensitive?
A. Method with a limit of detection of 0.20 ng/L
and a calibration curve of Y = 0.1[X] + 1.1
B. Method with a limit of detection of 2.0 ng/L and
a calibration curve of Y = 1[X] + 1.1

Discuss (explain why you believe A. or B. to be more
sensitive)
Sensitivity
= slope of calibration curve
=



0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
m=0.1
m=1.0
Method Validation: Accuracy
Ways to demonstrate or measure how close to
a actual value a measurement result is
Analyze a certified reference sample
Compare two or more methods
Analyze blank with known analyte added (must
have exact match to a sample matrix)
Add known amounts of analyte to a sample to
determine concentration: method of standard
addition
Method of Standard Additions
Needed when the sample matrix can not be
reproduced.
Example 1: ground water contains different anions
at different amountsnot known exactly
Example 2: many biological fluids contain proteins,
inorganic ions, small (and not so small) organic
molecules
Bottom line: composition may affect
measurement but we can not make a blank
solution to control for this determinant error
Method of Standard Additions
MSA: Constant volume

Method of Standard Additions
Y = mx + b
Y = I
s+x
X = [S]
f
Standard Addition to a Single Solution
Measure signal from
a sample solution.
Add a small amount
of concentrated
standard.
Measure signal from
sample solution with
added standard.
Repeat addition.
MSA: non constant volume

V
0
: initial volume
V: total volume
V
S
: volume added of standard
[S]
i
: standard solution conc.
[X]
i
: unknown conc.
I: Signal, either unknown alone or unknown +
standard

) ( ] [
] [
) (
0 0
V
V
S
X
I
I
V
V
I
S
i
i
X
X X S

Method of Standard Additions


) ( ] [
] [
) (
0 0
V
V
S
X
I
I
V
V
I
S
i
i
X
X X S

Y = mX + b
Y = ?

X = ?
b = ?
m= ?
Y = mX + b
Y = I
x+s
(V/V
0
)

X = [S]
i
(V
S
/V
0
)
b = I
X

m = I
X
/[X]
i
Internal Standard
Procedure usually used with a separation
Add a chemically similar but separated and
quantifiable standard
Prepare sample through steps
Measure analyte and chemically similar standard
For a known standard amount variances are same
to unknown analyte
Losses in standard due to sample preparation are
probably equivalent to losses in analyte
Variation in injected volumes can be corrected by
knowning the amount of internal standard

Using Internal Standards
Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium



What does chemical
reaction equilibrium
have to do with
measuring chemical
content or
composition?
Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium
K, the equilibrium constant

K = ?
K = [C]
c
[D]
d
/[A]
a
[B]
b
K = [Products]/[Reactants]
So K
-1
= ?
HA H
+
+ A
-

K = [H
+
][ A
-
]/[HA]
1/K = [HA]/[H
+
][ A
-
]



aA + bB cC + dD
K, the equilibrium constant
Another useful relation
HA H
+
+ A
-
K1
H
+
+ C CH
+
K2
HA + C CH
+
+ A
-
K3

K3 = K1 K2 = [H
+
][A
-
]/[HA] [CH
+
]/[H
+
][C]
K3 = [A
-
][CH
+
]/[HA][C]
Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
1. What are DG, DH and DS?
2. What does this equation tell you about?


Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
When DG is negative the reaction is:
spontaneous/nonspontaneous and the value
of K is > / < 1?
K and Le Chateliers Principle



What is Le Chateliers Principle?
If I am trying to measure Cl
-
by reaction with
mercurous ion, how can I use Le Chateliers
Principle in my measurement?
Next time:
Continue Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium

You might also like