DEVELOPING A

PROJECT PLAN
System Analysis and Design 1 RBBERIA
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2

A project is a complex, non-routine, one-time

effort limited by time, budget, resources, and
performance
specifications designed to meet customer needs.

It is a formally established, single-time work effort

with
the following characteristics (Burril and Ellsworth, !"#$%
An established beginning or start date.
A well-defined purpose and scope.
A formally established, documented cost-benefit basis.
A well-defined pro&ect product including
performance criteria.
An established endpoint or completion date.
product
The Nat!e "# P!"$e%t
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design &

'he terms program and project are often

used
interchangeably, which sometimes causes confusion.

(rograms and pro&ects are similar because they are

both directed toward goals and re)uire plans and
resources to reach their goals* they also use similar
tools, methods, and policies.

'he difference between the programs and pro&ects

lie
primarily in scope and time horizon.

A program is a series of coordinated, related,

multiple pro&ects that continue o+er extended time
intended to achie+e a goal.

A program is a higher le+el group of pro&ects targeted

at
a common goal.
The Nat!e "# P!"$e%t
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design '
Routine Works vs. Projects
Routine, Repetitive Work Projects
Taking class notes Writing a term paper
Daily entering sales receipts into the
accounting ledger
Setting up a sales kiosk for a
professional accounting meeting
Responding to a supply chain request Developing a supply chain
information system
Routine manufacture of computers Designing a top-of-the line laptop
Attaching tags on a manufactured
product
Wire-tag projects for GE and Wal
art
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design (

'here are a number of different life-cycle models

in
pro&ect management.

A generic pro&ect life cycle passes through four stages%

established* teams are formed*
ma&or
responsibilities are assigned.

Planning Stage: ,e+el of effort increases and plans are

de+eloped to determine what
pro&ect will entail, when it will be
scheduled, whom it will benefit, what
)uality le+el should be maintained,
and what the budget will be.
Defining Stage:
-pecifications
of
the pro&ect are
defined*
pro&ect
ob&ecti+es are
The P!"$e%t Cy%le
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design )

A generic pro&ect life cycle passes through four stages%

Executing Stage: .a&or portion of pro&ect work

takes place*
the
produced
software$*
physical product is
(e.g.,
time,
bridge,
cost,
report,
and
specification
measures
are
used for
control.

Delivering Stage: Includes% deli+ering the

product to
the customer and
pro&ect resources.
redeploying
The P!"$e%t Cy%le
The P!"$e%t Li#e Cy%le
Defining
Planning
Executing
Delivering
Start End
Time
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design *
Defining Planning Executing Delivering
Goals Schedules Status reports Train consumer
Specifications !udgets "hanges Transfer documents
Tasks Resources #uality Release resources
Responsi$ilities Risks %orecasts Release staff
Staffing &essons learned
The P!"$e%t Cy%le
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design +
De,el"-ing the P!"$e%t
Net."!/

The -!"$e%t net."!/ is the t""l sed #"!

-lanning0 s%hedling0 and monitoring project
progress.

The network is de,el"-ed #!"m the in#"!mati"n

%"lle%ted #"! the
1BS and is a g!a-hi% #l". %ha!t "# the -!"$e%t $"2
-lan3

It de-i%ts the -!"$e%t a%ti,ities that mst 2e

%"m-leted0 the l"gi%al se4en%es0 the
inte!de-enden%ies "# the a%ti,ities t" 2e
%"m-leted0 and the times #"! the a%ti,ities t"
sta!t and #inish al"ng .ith the l"ngest -ath5s
th!"gh the net."!/6 the critical path3

The net."!/ is the #!ame."!/ #"! the -!"$e%t

in#"!mati"n system that .ill 2e sed 2y the
-!"$e%t manage! t" ma/e de%isi"ns %"n%e!ning
-!"$e%t time0 %"st0 and -e!#"!man%e3
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 7

8e!e a!e s"me te!ms5$a!g"ns sed in 2ilding

-!"$e%t net."!/s9
13 A%ti,ity
It is an element "# the -!"$e%t that !e4i!es
time: may "! may
n"t !e4i!e !es"!%es3
It ty-i%ally %"nsmes time66eithe! .hile
-e"-le ."!/ "! .hile
-e"-le .ait3
E;am-les a!e time .aiting #"! %"nt!a%ts
t" 2e signed0 mate!ials t" a!!i,e0 d!g
a--!",al 2y the g",e!nment0 2dget
%lea!an%e0 et%3
It sally !e-!esents "ne "! m"!e tas/s #!"m a
."!/ -a%/age3
Des%!i-ti"n "# a%ti,ities sh"ld se a
,e!25n"n #"!mat9 e3g3 de,el"- -!"d%t
s-e%i#i%ati"ns3
De,el"-ing the P!"$e%t
Net."!/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
<

8e!e a!e s"me te!ms5$a!g"ns sed in 2ilding

-!"$e%t net."!/s9
23 =e!ge a%ti,ity
This is an a%ti,ity that has m"!e than "ne
a%ti,ity immediately
-!e%eding it >m"!e than "ne de-enden%y
a!!". #l".ing t" it?3
&3 Pa!allel a%ti,ities
These a!e a%ti,ities that %an ta/e -la%e at
the same time0 i#
the manage! .ishes3
The manage!0 h".e,e!0 may %h""se t" ha,e
-a!allel a%ti,ities
n"t "%%! simltane"sly3
'3 Path
A se4en%e "# %"nne%ted0 de-endent
a%ti,ities3
De,el"-ing the P!"$e%t
Net."!/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
1

8e!e a!e s"me te!ms5$a!g"ns sed in 2ilding

-!"$e%t net."!/s9
(3 C!iti%al -ath

It means the l"ngest -ath5s th!"gh the

net."!/3

I# an a%ti,ity "n the -ath is delayed0 the

-!"$e%t is delayed the
same am"nt "# time3
)3 E,ent

It !e-!esents a -"int in time

.hen a%ti,ity issta!ted "!
%"m-leted3

It d"es n"t %"nsme time3

*3B!st a%ti,ity

This a%ti,ity has m"!e than "ne a%ti,ity

immediately #"ll".ing
it >m"!e than "ne de-enden%y a!!". #l".ing
#!"m it?3
De,el"-ing the P!"$e%t
Net."!/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
2

The t." a--!"a%hes sed t" de,el"- -!"$e%t

net."!/s a!e9 a%ti,ity6
"n6n"de >AON? and a%ti,ity6"n6a!!". >AOA?3

The AON ses a n"de t" de-i%t an a%ti,ity: .hile

AOA ses an a!!".
t" de-i%t an a%ti,ity3

The AON meth"d has %"me t" d"minate m"st

-!"$e%ts3
A--!"a%hes in De,el"-ing the
P!"$e%t Net."!/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
&
13 Net."!/s #l". ty-i%ally #!"m le#t t" !ight3
23 An a%ti,ity %ann"t 2egin ntil all
-!e%eding a%ti,ities ha,e 2een
%"m-leted3
&3 A!!".s "n net."!/s indi%ate -!e%eden%e and
#l".3 A!!".s %an
%!"ss ",e! ea%h "the!3
'3 Ea%h a%ti,ity sh"ld ha,e a ni4e identi#i%ati"n
nm2e!3
(3 An a%ti,ity identi#i%ati"n nm2e!
mst 2e la!ge! than that "# any a%ti,ities that
-!e%ede it3
)3 L""-ing is n"t all".ed >in "the! ."!ds0
!e%y%ling th!"gh a set "#
a%ti,ities %ann"t ta/e -la%e3
Basi% Rles in De,el"-ing the
P!"$e%t Net."!/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
'
*3 C"nditi"nal statements a!e n"t all".ed >that
is0 this ty-e "# statement sh"ld n"t a--ea!9 I#
s%%ess#l d" s"mething: i# n"t0 d" n"thing?3
+3 E;-e!ien%e sggests that .hen the!e a!e
mlti-le sta!ts0 a %"mm"n sta!t n"de %an 2e
sed t" indi%ate a %lea! -!"$e%t 2eginning "n
the net."!/3 Simila!ly0 a single -!"$e%t end n"de
%an 2e sed t" indi%ate a %lea! ending3
Basi% Rles in De,el"-ing the
P!"$e%t Net."!/
A%ti,ity6"n6N"de
@ndamentals
A B C
A is -!e%eded 2y
n"thing
B is -!e%eded 2y A
C is -!e%eded 2y B
(A)
X
Z
Y
A and B a!e -!e%eded 2y C
N"te9 C is a 2!st a%ti,ity 2e%ase
m"!e than "ne a%ti,ities
immediately #"ll".
(B) A and B %an 2egin at the same time0 i#
y" .ish
J0 D0 L %an all 2egin at the same
time i# y"
.ish >they need n"t "%%!
simltane"sly?
2t
All >J0 D3 L? mst 2e %"m-leted
2e#"!e = %an
2egin3 = is a me!ge a%ti,ity
(C)
K
L
J
M
B is -!e%eded 2y
C and A
AA is -!e%eded 2y
C and A
AA
Y
X Z
(D)
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
(
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
<

An a%ti,ity is !e-!esented 2y a n"de >2";?3 The

n"de %an ta/e many
#"!ms sing a 2"; "! .hate,e! -"lyg"ns3

The de-enden%ies am"ng the a%ti,ities a!e

de-i%ted 2y a!!".s
2et.een the 2";es "n the AON net."!/3

The a!!".s indi%ate h". the

a%ti,ities a!e !elated and the
se4en%e in .hi%h things mst 2e a%%"m-lished3

The lette!s in the 2";es se!,e t" identi#y the

a%ti,ities3

The!e a!e th!ee 2asi% !elati"nshi-s that mst 2e

esta2lished #"! a%ti,ities in%lded in the
net."!/9

P!ede%ess"! a%ti,ities
61hi%h
A%ti,ity6"n6N"de
@ndamentals
a%ti,ity mst 2e
%"m-leted immediately 2e#"!e this
a%ti,ityE
1
)
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
*

The!e a!e th!ee 2asi% !elati"nshi-s

>%"ntinati"n3 3 3?9

S%%ess"! a%ti,ities 61hi%h a%ti,ities

mst immediately
#"ll".
this a%ti,ityE

C"n%!!ent
"!
-a!allel
a%ti,ities

S"metimes a manage! %an "nly se Festi"ns 1

and & t" esta2lish
!elati"nshi-3
A%ti,ity6"n6N"de
@ndamentals
61hi%h a%ti,ities %an
"%%! .hile this
a%ti,ity is ta/ing -la%eE
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
+
Sam-le AON Net."!/
A%ti,i
ty
Des%!i-ti"n P!e%eding
A%ti,ity
A%ti,ity
Time
A A--li%ati"n and
a--!",al
N"ne (
B C"nst!%ti"n -lans A 1(
C T!a##i% stdy A 1<
D Se!,i%e a,aila2ility
%he%/
A (
E Sta## !e-"!t B0 C 1(
@ C"mmissi"n a--!",al B0 C0 D 1<
G 1ait #"! %"nst!%ti"n @ 1*<
8 O%%-an%y E0 G &(
Sam-le AON Net."!/
Sta##
!e-"!
t >E?
C"mmissi"n
a--!",al
>@?
1ait
%"nst!%
ti"n >G?
O%%-a
n%y
>8?
A--li%at
i"n
a--!",a
l >A?
T!a##i%
stdy
>C?
C"nst!%ti"n
-lans
>B?
Se!,i%e
a,aila2ility
%he%/ >D?
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
7
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
<

D!a.ing the-!"$e%t net."!/ -la%es the

a%ti,itiesin the !ight
se4en%e #"! %"m-ting sta!t and #inish times "#
a%ti,ities3

A%ti,ity time estimates a!e ta/en #!"m the tas/

times in the ."!/
-a%/age and added t" the net."!/3

Pe!#"!ming a #e. sim-le %"m-tati"n all".s the

-!"$e%t manage! t" %"m-lete the -!"%ess /n".n
as the #"!.a!d and 2a%/.a!d -ass3 C"m-leti"n
"# the #"!.a!d and 2a%/.a!d -ass .ill ans.e!
the #"ll".ing 4esti"ns9

@"!.a!d Pass Ea!liest Times

13 8". s""n %an the a%ti,ity sta!tE >ea!ly sta!t6
ES?
23 8". s""n %an the a%ti,ity #inishE >ea!ly
#inish6 E@?
&3 8". s""n %an the -!"$e%t 2e #inishedE
>e;-e%ted time6 TE?
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
1

C"m-leti"n"# the #"!.a!d and

2a%/.a!d -ass .ill ans.e! the
#"ll".ing 4esti"ns9

Ba%/.a!d Pass Latest Times

13 8". late %an the a%ti,ity sta!tE >late sta!t6
LS?
23 8". late %an the a%ti,ity #inishE >late #inish6
L@?
&3 1hi%h a%ti,ities !e-!esent the %!iti%al -ath
>CP?E The %!iti%al -ath is the l"ngest -ath in
the net."!/ .hi%h0 .hen delayed0 .ill delay
the -!"$e%t3
'3 8". l"ng %an the a%ti,ity 2e delayedE >sla%/
"! #l"at6 SL?
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
2
@"!.a!d Pass Ea!liest Times

The #"!.a!d -ass sta!ts .ith the #i!st -!"$e%t

a%ti,ity>ies? and t!a%es ea%h -ath >%hain "#
se4ential a%ti,ities? th!"gh the net."!/ t" the
last -!"$e%t a%ti,ity>ies?3

As y" t!a%e al"ng the -ath0 y" add the a%ti,ity

times3

The l"ngest -ath den"tes the -!"$e%t %"m-leti"n

time #"! the -lan
and is %alled the %!iti%al -ath3

@"!.a!d -ass !e4i!es things .hen %"m-ting

ea!ly a%ti,ity times9
Add a%ti,ity times al"ng ea%h -ath in the
net."!/ >ES G D! H E@?3
Ca!!y ea!ly #inish >E@? t" the ne;t a%ti,ity .he!e
it 2e%"mes its ea!ly sta!t >ES?0 nless
The ne;t s%%eeding a%ti,ity is a me!ge a%ti,ity3
In this %ase y" sele%t the la!gest ea!ly #inish
>E@? "# all its immediate -!ede%ess"! a%ti,ities3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
Sam-le AON Net."!/
AON
Net."!/
Lege
nd:

This graph shows the network with

the activity tie estiate !o"nd in
the node#
$
%
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
&

$&ap'e: Activity A has a

d"ration o! ( days#
ES ID E@
SL
Des%!i-ti"n
LS D L@
A
A--li%ati"
n I
a--!",a
l
(
C
T!aJi
%
std
y
1<
B
Const)n
-lans
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1ait#"!
const)n
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Sta#
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1(
8
O%%-an%
y
&(
Sam-le AON Net."!/
AON Net."!/ @"!
.a!d Pass
Lege
nd:
$
%
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
'
< A '
A--li%ati"
n I
a--!",a
l
(
( C ('
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std
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-lans
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a--!",
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ES ID E@
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Des%!i-ti"n
LS D L@
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 1
7
Ba%/.a!d Pass Latest Times

The 2a%/.a!d -ass sta!ts .ith the last -!"$e%t

a%ti,ity>ies? "n the net."!/3 A" t!a%e 2a%/.a!d
"n ea%h -ath s2t!a%ting a%ti,ity times t" #ind the
late sta!t >LS? and #inish times >L@? #"! ea%h
a%ti,ity3

Be#"!e the 2a%/.a!d -ass %an 2e %"m-ted0 the

late #inish #"! the
last -!"$e%t a%ti,ity>ies?mst 2e sele%ted3

In ea!ly -lanning stages0 this time is sally set

e4al t" the ea!ly #inish >E@? "# the last -!"$e%t
a%ti,ity >"! in the %ase "# mlti-le #inish a%ti,ities0
the a%ti,ity .ith the la!gest E@?3 In %ases .he!e
-!"$e%t d!ati"n deadline is im-"sed0 the deadline
date .ill 2e sed3

Let s assme #"! -lanning -!-"ses .e %an

a%%e-t the E@ -!"$e%t d!ati"n >TE? e4al t" 2&(
."!/days3 The L@ #"! a%ti,ity 8 2e%"mes 2&(
."!/days >E@ 6 L@?3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
7
Ba%/.a!d Pass Latest Times

The 2a%/.a!d -ass is simila! t" the #"!.a!d -ass

and the #"ll".ing mst 2e !emem2e!ed9

A" s2t!a%t a%ti,ity times al"ng ea%h -ath

sta!ting .ith the -!"$e%t
end a%ti,ity >L@ 6 D! H LS?3

A" %a!!y the LS t" the ne;t -!e%eding a%ti,ity

t" esta2lish its L@0
nless

The ne;t -!e%eding a%ti,ity is a 2!st a%ti,ity: in

this %ase y" sele%t the smallest LS "# all its
immediate s%%ess"! a%ti,ities t" esta2lish its L@3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
Sam-le AON Net."!/
AON Net."!/
Ba%/.a!d Pass
Lege
nd:
L
/
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
*
(
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,
*
(
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(
-
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-
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A
A--li%ati"
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a--!",a
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*, *, -,
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RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
+
Dete!mining Sla%/ >"! @l"at?

1hen the #"!.a!d and 2a%/.a!d -asses ha,e

2een %"m-ted0 it is -"ssi2le t" dete!mine .hi%h
a%ti,ities %an 2e delayed 2y %"m-ting slack
"! float3

The t"tal sla%/ "! #l"at #"! an a%ti,ity is sim-ly the

di##e!en%e 2et.een the LS and ES >LS K ES H SL? "!
2et.een L@ and E@ >L@ K E@ H SL?3 @"! e;am-le0
the sla%/ #"! a%ti,ity C is ( days0 #"! a%ti,ity D is
1< days0
and #"! a%ti,ity G is Le!"3

T"tal sla%/ tells s the am"nt "# time an a%ti,ity

%an 2e delayed and
yet n"t delay the -!"$e%t3

I# sla%/ "# "ne a%ti,ity in a -ath is sed0 the ES #"!

all a%ti,ities that #"ll". in the %hain .ill 2e delayed
and thei! sla%/ !ed%ed3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design 2
7
Dete!mining Sla%/ >"! @l"at?

A#te! sla%/ #"! ea%h a%ti,ity is %"m-ted0 the

%!iti%al -ath>s? is5a!e easily identi#ied3 1hen the
L@ H E@ #"! the end -!"$e%t a%ti,ity0 the %!iti%al
-ath %an 2e identi#ied as th"se a%ti,ities that als"
ha,e L@ H E@ "! a sla%/ "# Le!" >L@ H E@ H <? "! >LS
K ES H <?3

The %!iti%al -ath is the net."!/ -ath5s that

has5ha,e the least sla%/
in %"mm"n3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
Sam-le AON Net."!/
AON Net."!/
.ith Sla%/
Lege
nd:
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RBBERIA System Analysis and Design &
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, A 5
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RBBERIA System Analysis and Design &
1
@!ee Sla%/ >@l"at?

An a%ti,ity .ith #!ee sla%/ is ni4e 2e%ase

the a%ti,ity %an 2e delayed .ith"t delaying the
ES "# a%ti,ities #"ll".ing it3

@!ee sla%/ is the di##e!en%e 2et.een the E@ "# an

a%ti,ity and the ES
"# the a%ti,ity that #"ll".s3 It %an ne,e! 2e
negati,e3

Only a%ti,ities that "%%! at the end "# the %hain "#
a%ti,ities >sally .he!e the!e is me!ge a%ti,ity?
%an ha,e a #!ee sla%/3 @"! e;am-le0 i# a single
%hain >-ath? "# a%ti,ities has 1' days0 the last
a%ti,ity .ill ha,e a #!ee sla%/0 and the "the!s .ill
ha,e n"ne3

In the e;am-le0 a%ti,ity E is a %hain "# "ne and has

a #!ee sla%/ "# 1)( ."!/days >2<< K &( H 1)(?
.hile a%ti,ities C and D ha,e a #!ee sla%/ "# ( and
1< days0 !es-e%ti,ely3
Net."!/ C"m-tati"n
P!"%ess
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design &
2

1hat d"es a sla%/ "# 1< ."!/days mean #"! the

-!"$e%t manage!E
It means that a%ti,ity D %an 2e delayed 1<
days3 The sla%/ is im-"!tant 2e%ase it all".s
#le;i2ility in s%hedling s%a!%e -!"$e%t !es"!%es
that a!e sed in m"!e than "ne -a!allel a%ti,ity "!
an"the! -!"$e%t3

Dn".ing the #"! a%ti,ity times "# ES0 LS0 E@0 and
L@ is in,ala2le #"!
the -lanning0 s%hedling0 and %"nt!"lling -hases "#
the -!"$e%t3
The ES and L@ tell the -!"$e%t manage! the time
inte!,al in .hi%h the
a%ti,ity sh"ld 2e %"m-leted3

1hen the %!iti%al -ath is /n".n0 it is -"ssi2le t"

tightly manage the !es"!%es "# the a%ti,ities "n
the %!iti%al -ath s" n" mista/es a!e made that .ill
!eslt in delays3
I# the!e a!e -aths .ith ,e!y little sla%/0 it may 2e
ne%essa!y t" sh"!ten
a%ti,ities "n th"se -aths3
Msing @"!.a!d and Ba%/.a!d Pass
In#"!mati"n
RBBERIA System Analysis and Design &
&
Than/ A"N