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Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e: Force System Resultants

Chapter 4 part 2

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Mei Guan
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245 views

Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e: Force System Resultants

Chapter 4 part 2

Uploaded by

Mei Guan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Force System Resultants 4

Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
For moment of a force about a point, the moment and
its axis is always perpendicular to the plane
A scalar or vector analysis is used to find the
component of the moment along a specified axis that
passes through the point

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
For magnitude of M
a
,
M
a
= M
O
u
a

where u
a
= unit vector

In determinant form,


z y x
z y x
az ay ax
ax a
F F F
r r r
u u u
F X r u M = = ) (

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 4.8
Determine the moment produced by the force F which
tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
Unit vector defines the direction of the AB axis of the rod,
where



For simplicity, choose r
D



The force is


{ }m 6 . 0 i r
AD
=
{ }
j i
j i
r
r
u
AB
AB
AB
4472 . 0 8944 . 0
2 . 0 4 . 0
2 . 0 4 . 0
2 2
+ =
+
+
= =

{ }N 300 F k =
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Couple
two parallel forces
same magnitude but opposite direction
separated by perpendicular distance d
Resultant force = 0
Tendency to rotate in specified direction
Couple moment = sum of moments of both couple
forces about any arbitrary point
Page148
Slide 85
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Scalar Formulation
Magnitude of couple moment
M = Fd
Direction and sense are determined by right hand rule
M acts perpendicular to plane containing the forces
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Vector Formulation
For couple moment,
M = r X F
If moments are taken about point A, moment of F is
zero about this point
r is crossed with the force to which it is
directed(according to the arrowhead)
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Equivalent Couples
2 couples are equivalent if they produce the same
moment
Forces of equal couples lie on the same plane or plane
parallel to one another
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Resultant Couple Moment
Couple moments are free vectors and may be applied
to any point P and added vectorially
For resultant moment of two couples at point P,


M
R
= M
1
+ M
2
For more than 2 moments,
M
R
= (r X F)
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.12
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe.
Segment AB is directed 30 below the xy plane.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
SOLUTION I (VECTOR ANALYSIS)
Take moment about point O,
M = r
A
X (-250k) + r
B
X (250k)
= (0.8j) X (-250k) + (0.6cos30i
+ 0.8j 0.6sin30k) X (250k)
= {-130j}N.cm
Take moment about point A
M = r
AB
X (250k)
= (0.6cos30i 0.6sin30k)
X (250k)
= {-130j}N.cm
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
SOLUTION II (SCALAR ANALYSIS)
Take moment about point A or B,
M = Fd = 250N(0.5196m)
= 129.9N.cm
Apply right hand rule, M acts in the j direction
M = {-130j}N.cm
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System
An equivalent system is when the external effects are
the same as those caused by the original force and
couple moment system
External effects of a system is the translating and
rotating motion of the rigid body
Or refers to the reactive forces at the supports if the
body is held fixed
AN EQUIVALENT SYSTEM (Section 4.7)
Two force and couple systems are called equivalent systems
if they have the same external effect on the body.
A number of forces and couple moments acting on a rigid
body can be replaced by a single force and couple moment
having the same external effect (easier to understand).

=
MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION
Moving a force from A to O, when both points are on the
vectors line of action, does not change the external
effect. Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector.
MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION
Moving a force from point A to O (as shown above) requires
creating an additional couple moment. Since this new
couple moment is a free vector, it can be applied at any
point P on the body.
FINDING THE RESULTANT OF A
FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
(Section 4.8)
When several forces and couple
moments act on a body, you can
move each force and its associated
couple moment to a common point O.
Now you can add all the forces
and couple moments together and
find one resultant force-couple
moment pair.
REDUCING A FORCE-MOMENT TO A
SINGLE FORCE (Section 4.9)
If F
R
and M
RO
are perpendicular to each other, then the
system can be further reduced to a single force, F
R
, by
simply moving F
R
from O to P.
=
=
In three special cases, concurrent, coplanar, and parallel
systems of forces, the system can always be reduced to a
single force.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.16
A structural member is subjected to a couple moment M
and forces F
1
and F
2
. Replace this system with an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at its
base, point O.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
Express the forces and couple moments as Cartesian
vectors.
m N k j k j M
N j i
j i
r
r
N u N F
N k F
CB
CB
CB
. } 300 400 {
5
3
500
5
4
500
} 4 . 166 6 . 249 {
) 1 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 (
1 . 0 15 . 0
300
) 300 ( ) 300 (
} 800 {
2 2
2
1


+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
(
(

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
Force Summation.
m N k j i
k j i
k X k k j
F X r F X r M M M M
N k j i
j i k F F F
F F
B C O C Ro
R
R
. } 300 650 166 {
0 4 . 166 6 . 249
1 1 . 0 15 . 0 ) 800 ( ) 1 ( ) 300 400 (
} 800 4 . 166 6 . 249 {
4 . 166 6 . 249 800
;
2 1
2 1





+ =

+ + + =
+ + = E + E =
+ =
+ = + =
E =
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Large surface area of a body may be subjected to
distributed loadings
Loadings on the surface is defined as pressure
Pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1N/m
2

Uniform Loading Along a Single Axis
Most common type of distributed
loading is uniform along a
single axis


Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Magnitude of Resultant Force
Magnitude of dF is determined from differential area dA
under the loading curve.
For length L,


Magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the total
area A under the loading diagram.

( ) A dA dx x w F
A L
R
= = =
} }
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Location of Resultant Force
M
R
= M
O
dF produces a moment of xdF = x w(x) dx about O
For the entire plate,


Solving for


}
= E =
L
R O Ro
dx x xw F x M M ) (
x
}
}
}
}
= =
A
A
L
L
dA
xdA
dx x w
dx x xw
x
) (
) (
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.21
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant force acting on the shaft.


Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
For the colored differential area element,


For resultant force

dx x wdx dA
2
60 = =
N
x
dx x dA F
F F
A
R
R
160
3
0
3
2
60
3
60
60
;
3 3
2
0
3
2
0
2
=
(

=
(

=
= =
E =
} }
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
For location of line of action,





Checking,

m m a x
m N m ab
A
5 . 1 ) 2 (
4
3
4
3
160
3
) / 240 ( 2
3
= = =
= = =
m
x
dx x x
dA
xdA
x
A
A
5 . 1
160
4
0
4
2
60
160
4
60
160
) 60 (
4 4
2
0
4 2
0
2
=
(


=
(

= = =
}
}
}

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