Types of Elements

metals
nonmetals
metalloids - semimetals
Macam-macam Unsur
Logam
Non logam
metalloids - semimetals
Types of Elements
Metals
an element that is a good conductor of
electricity
at room temperature, most are solids
malleable- can be rolled or hammered
into sheets
ductile- can be made into wire
high tensile strength- can resist
breakage when pulled
most have silvery or grayish white
luster

Macam-Macam Unsur
Logam
Konduktor listrik yang baik
Disuhu ruang, sebagian besar=zat
padat
Dapat di tempa
Dapat dibentuk
Tinggi daya rentang, dapat tahan
banting bila dijatuhkan
Sperti perak / kilauan putih keabu-
abuan

Types of Elements
Nonmetals
an element that is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity
many are gases at room temperature
some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable
Macam-macam unsur
Nonlogam
Konduktor yang kurang baik dalam panas maupun
listrik
Disuhu ruang banyak mengandung gas
Benda zat padat: pada umumnya rapuh, tidak
dapat diempa
Types of Elements
Metalloids
an element that has some characteristics of
metals and nonmetals
appear along staricase line
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
all are solids at room temperature
less malleable that metals but less brittle than
nonmetals
are semiconductors


Macam-macam unsur
Metalloids
Unsur yang memiliki karakteristik seperti: logam
dan non logam
Kelihatan terus menaiki tangga barisan
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
Semuanya solid dalam temperatur ruang
Logamnya:Kurang bisa ditempa TAPI lebih rapuh
dari nonlogam
Semi peghantar


Group 1: Alkali Metals
Logam aktif, penyusunnya hanya ditemukan di alam
Beraksi dengan kasar dengan air dari atom hidrogen
dan berdasar kuat: 2 Na (s) + H
2
O (l) 2 NaOH (aq)
+ H
2
(g)
1 electron valence
bentuk +1 ion karena kehilangan electron valence
Beroksidasi seperti Na
2
O, Li
2
O, K
2
O
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
Very active metals, only found in compounds in nature
React strongly with water to form hydrogen gas and a
base:
Ca (s) + 2 H
2
O (l) Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2 valence electrons
Form +2 ion by losing those valence electrons
Form oxides like CaO, MgO, BaO
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
Logam yang sangat aktif, komponennya ditemukan di
alam
Bereaksi sangat kuat dengan atom hidrogen
membentuk:
Ca (s) + 2 H
2
O (l) Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2 valence electrons
membentuk +2 ion oleh kehilanganvalence electrons
Membentuk oksidasi seperti CaO, MgO, BaO
Groups 3-11: Transition Metals
Many can form different possible charges of ions
If there is more than one ion listed, give the charge as a
Roman numeral after the name
Cu
+1
= copper (I) Cu
+2
= copper (II)
Compounds containing these metals can be colored.
Groups 3-11: logam peralihan
Kebanyakan terdapat perbedaan bentuk yang memungkinkan
mengisi ion
Jika terdapat lebih dari satu daftar ion, menyumbangkan isi
sebagai nama orang tanda nomor setelah nama
Cu
+1
= copper (I) Cu
+2
= copper (II)
Komponen mengandung logam yang dapat berwarna warni
Group 17: Halogens
Most reactive nonmetals
React violently with metal atoms to form halide
compounds: 2 Na + Cl
2
2 NaCl
Only found in compounds in nature
Have 7 valence electrons
Gain 1 valence electron from a metal to form -1 ions
Share 1 valence electron with another nonmetal
atom to form one covalent bond.
Group 17: Halogens
Sebagian besar logam reaktif
Reaksi dengan kasar bersama logam atom
membentuk komponen halide: 2 Na + Cl
2
2 NaCl
Komponen hanya ditemukan di alam
Punya 7 elektron valensi
Memperoleh 1 elektron terluar membentuk logam
membentuk -1 ions
berbagi 1 valence electron dengan atom non logam
lainnya untuk membentuk satu ikatan covalen
Group 18: Noble Gases
Are completely nonreactive since they have eight
valence electrons, making a stable octet.
Kr and Xe can be forced, in the laboratory, to give up
some valence electrons to react with fluorine.
Since noble gases do not naturally bond to any other
elements, one atom of noble gas is considered to be
a molecule of noble gas. This is called a monatomic
molecule. Ne represents an atom of Ne and a
molecule of Ne.
Group 18: Noble Gases
Sepenuhnya tidak bereaksi setelah memilik 8
elektron valensi, membuat 8 oktaf stabil.
Kr dan Xe dapat dibuat, di laboratorium, untuk
memberi beberapa elektron valensi untuk
mereaksikan dengan fluorine.
semenjak noble gases tidak mengikat secara alami
kepada beberapa logam, satu atom dari noble gas
dipertimbankan untuk menjadi beberapa molekul
noble gas. Ini disebut molekul monoatomik. Ne
mewakili dari atom Ne dan molekul Ne.
Diatomic Molecules
Br, I, N, Cl, H, O and F are so reactive that they exist in a more
chemically stable state when they covalently bond with
another atom of their own element to make two-atom, or
diatomic molecules.
Br
2
, I
2
, N
2
, Cl
2
, H
2
, O
2
and F
2

The decomposition of water: 2 H
2
O 2 H
2
+ O
2

Molekul Diatomik
Br, I, N, Cl, H, O dan F adalah pereaksiitu ada dibeberapa
bagian stabil secara kimiawi saat mereka mengikat dengan
kovalen bersama atom lainnya dianatara logam milik nya
untuk membuat 2 atom, atau molekul diatomic.
Br
2
, I
2
, N
2
, Cl
2
, H
2
, O
2
dan F
2

Pemecahan dari air: 2 H
2
O 2 H
2
+ O
2

Periodicity Properties of
Elements
Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is the distance between
outermost electron to the nuclei of the atom.
In the same group, the atomic radius increases
from up to the bottom.
In the same period, the atomic radius
decreases from left to the right.
Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is jarak diantara elektron
terjauh dengan inti atom.
In the same group, the atomic radius increases
from up to the bottom.
In the same period, the atomic radius
decreases from left to the right.
Figure 11.36: Relative atomic sizes for
selected atoms.
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the released energy by an
atom in gas form, after it accepts an electron.
In the same period from left to right, the
affinity has increasing tendency.
In the same group, from bottom to up, the
affinity has increasing tendency.
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is energy yang diperlukan
untuk melepas atom, setelah menerima
elektron.
In the same period from left to right, the
affinity has increasing tendency.
In the same group, from bottom to up, the
affinity has increasing tendency.

Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is energi terendah yang
diperlukan untuk melepaskan elektron untuk
menghasilkan atom positif.
In the same period from left to right the
ionization energy has increasing tendency.
In the same group from up to bottom, the
ionization potential has decreasing tendency.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is defined as the minimum
energy required for ionizing an isolated
gaseous atom to produce positive ion.
In the same period from left to right the
ionization energy has increasing tendency.
In the same group from up to bottom, the
ionization potential has decreasing tendency.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency of every
element for attracting electrons into its
bonding.
In the same period from left to right the
electronegativity has increasing tendency.
In the same group from up to bottom, the
electronegativity has decreasing tendency.



Electronegativity
Electronegativity is kecenderungan setiap
unsur untukmenarik elektron kedalam ikatan.
In the same period from left to right the
electronegativity has increasing tendency.
In the same group from up to bottom, the
electronegativity has decreasing tendency.