WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Master basic radio theory
Understand IMT-2000 spectrum planning
Master principles of Spread Spectrum
Communication
Content
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication
Duplex mode
TDD modeSame frequency
between uplink and downlink
Adaptable to any frequency
band
Suitable for both
asymmetric and symmetric
services between uplink
and downlink
FDD modeFrequency
pairing between uplink and
downlink
Paired frequency band
needed
Suitable for symmetric
services between uplink
and downlink
TDD ( Time division duplexing
Such as TD-SCDMA)
D U D D D D D D
FDDFrequency division duplexing
Such as WCDMA and CDMA2000
D D D D D D D
U
Multiple access technologies enable various users access public
communication line but without interference.
Three methods are frequently used: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
Multiple Access Technologies
Users are using
different frequency
Time
Frequency
FDMA
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
FDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to different users at
different frequency band, such as TACS, AMPS.
Time
Frequency
TDMA
Users are using
different time slot
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
TDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to different users at
different time, such as GSM, DAMPS.
Time
Frequency
CDMA
Code
Users are using different
orthogonal code sequence
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
CDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time,
same frequency band, but with different code.
Freq. 1
Freq. 1
BS1
BS2
Code D
CDMA Application
Users are distinguished by code
Self-interference system
CDMA is a system subject to interference (GSM is a
system subject to frequency)
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Frequency Reuse
Wireless Transmission TechnologyRTT
Requirements
Data
144 kbps High speed and driving
384 kbps Modest speed and walking
2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
Voice
4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s
Information transmission at variable rate according
to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different business
3G services
Delay
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements
3G services
Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed
Real-time
Voice <150ms 12.2kbps
Video Call <150ms 64kbps
VoIP <150ms 15.3~39.6kbps
Interaction
Game
<250ms N/A
Streaming
Real-time Voice
Streaming
<2s 4.7~25kbps
Real-time Video
Streaming
<2s 64kbps~2Mbps
Interaction
Web Browsing <4s N/A
WAP Browsing <4s N/A
E-commerce <4s N/A
Background
FTP No strict N/A
E-mail No strict N/A
Contents
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication
IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
ITU
Europe
USA
MSS
PCS
A D B B C D C E F A F E
MSS Reserve
Broadcast auxiliary
2165 MHz
1990 MHz
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
UMTS
GSM 1800
DECT MSS
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
UMTS
Japan MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
PHS
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 2170 MHz
MSS MSS
TDD
WLL
1
9
8
0

GSM
1800
CDMA
1
9
6
0

1
9
2
0

1
9
4
5

China
1
8
6
5

1
8
6
5

1
8
7
0

1
8
8
5

1
8
9
0

1
9
1
0

1
9
3
0

1
9
4
5

1
9
6
5

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
5

FDD
WLL
CDMA
FDD
WLL
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
2170 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 2170 MHz
MSS MSS
China
MSS MSS MSS
FDD FDD
1920 MHz
TDD TDD
3G Spectrum Allocation in ChinaNov, 2002
3G Spectrum Allocation in China
60 MHz
30
MHz
FDD TDD
100 MHz
15
MHz
40
MHz
155MHz
1785 1850 1755 1880 1920 1980 2010 2025
2110 2170 2200 2400
Satellite Empty
Satellite
2300
3G Spectrum Planning in China
Main Operating Frequency Band
FDD mode1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz
TDD mode1880-1920MHz2010-2025 MHz
Supplementary Operating Frequency Band
FDD mode1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz
TDD mode2300-2400MHz
Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System
1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz
The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 -
915 MHz / 930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850
MHz, which are currently allocated to public mobile
communication system are also allocated to expanded
frequency bands of 3G public communication system, but
frequency using mode remains the same for both uplink and
downlink.
Contents
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication
Encoding
Interleaving
Baseband
Modulation
Spectrum
Spreading
Scramblin
g
Radio Frequency
Modulation
Radio Channel
Decoding
Deinterleaving
Baseband
Demodulation
Desprea
ding
Descrambling
Radio Frequency
Demodulation
Transceiver Data Processing
Handset Data
Handset Data
No ECCBER<10
-1
~

10
-2
Cannot meet communication needs
Convolution Code
BER<10
-3

Cannot meet voice communication needs
Turbo CodeBER<10
-6
Meet data communication needs
Channel Encoding
High performance channel code was used in WCDMA, which improved
system performance
Coding & Decoding greatly reduced signal-noise ratio at operating point,
which is frequently used in wireless transmission.
Turbo code can make the transmission signal noise ratio close to
Shannon limit
Encoding PurposeTo add redundancy information into the
original data flow, which enables the receiver to detect and
correct signal errors due to transmission media, and meanwhile,
to increase data transmission speed.
Principles of Channel Encoding
Channel Encoding
Channel encoding is to add redundancy information to
original data, and thus gain error correcting capability
Currently, convolution code and Turbo code are
mostly used.1/2, 1/3
Encoding increased invalid load and transmission
time.
Suitable to correct a small amount of non-continuous
error.














x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
x2 x7 x22
x3 x8 x23
x4 x9 x24
x5 x10 x25

A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
Interleaving Technology
InterleavingDisrupt the original data arrangement
role, and reorder according to certain sequence.
FunctionReduce the effects by fast fading of the
channel.
Input Output



Disadvantages
Additional delay caused
In specific circumstance, several independent random
errors might intertwined to burst error.


























Encode
Interleave
Deinterleave
Decode

The Use of Channel Encoding and
Interleaving
Interleaving Technology
Interleaving Disrupt the original data arrangement role, and
reorder according to certain sequence.
Funtion Reduce the effects by fast fading of the channel.
Advantages:
Interleaving is to change the data flow transmission
sequence, and randomize burst errors.
Improve the effectiveness of error-correcting codes.
Disadvantages
Due to the transmission sequence change of data flow,
error correcting can only be performed after the whole data
package is received, which increased delay time.
Therefore, different interleaving depth should be chosen in
accordance with different service requirements.
In specific circumstance, several independent random
errors might intertwined to burst error.
Transceiver Data Processing
Radio
Channel
Decoding
Deinterleav
ing
Baseband
Demodulati
on
Despre
ading
Descrambli
ng
Radio Frequency
Demodulation
Handset
Data
Encoding
Interleaving
Baseband
Modulation
Spectrum
Spreading
Scramb
ling
Radio
Frequency
Modulation
Handset
Data
Definition of Spread Spectrum
Communication
Spread SpectrumSS: Spread Spectrum) Communication is
referred as SS Communication.
SS Communication: To modulate at sending terminal with
spread spectrum code, and make the occupied frequency
bandwidth of the signal is more larger than the essential
bandwidth; while at the receiving terminal, same spread
spectrum code will be used to demodulate and despread, thus
to recover the information and data that been transferred.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
CDMA uses a direct sequence spread spectrum, which is to
directly mix the signals that need to transfer with pseudo-
random sequence code (spreading code) whose speed is
much higher than information speed. This way, the
spectrum bandwidth of the modulated signal becomes
much bigger than the original one.
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Time Hopping (TH)

Several Forms of CDMA
DS-CDMA:
Multiple users are taking the same frequency resource at exactly
the same time and same place;
FH-CDMASingle user is taking a narrow spectrum bandwidth at
single moment; the occupied frequency changes over time according
to certain rules, which was determined by the address code.
TH-CDMASingle user is taking a wide spectrum time to time; the
occupied time changes according to certain rules, which was
determined by the address code.
Spread Spectrum Communication is a technology to transmit
signal after its spectrum was expanded.
Its theoretical foundation is Shannon theorem
C=B*log
2
(1+S/N)

CChannel Capacity, Unit b/s
BSignal BandwidthUnit Hz
SAverage Signal PowerUnit W
NAverage Noise PowerUnit W

ConclusionWhen channel capacity C keeps the same, signal
bandwidth B and S/N ratio can definitely be exchanged, which
means, a satisfactory transmission quality can be gained by
increasing transmission system bandwidth at a low S/N ratio.
Spread Spectrum Communication Basics
High speed spread-spectrum sequences
Low speed signal
TX
Demodulated signal
RX
High speed spread-spectrum sequences
Spread-spectrum signal
Speed of spread-spectrum code3.84Mc/s
Spread-spectrum code OVSF code
Direct Spread Spectrum Communication
Orthogonality of Code
Sequences
Accumulation of 0 indicates
orthogonality
The Orthogonality of Code Sequences
WCDMA System Spreading Code
(Channelization Code)
WCDMA spreading code is generated by Walsh
function, which is called OVSF code (Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor code), OVSF codes
becomes zero when cross-correlating with each
other, and they are completely orthogonal.
Walsh function is a non-sinusoidal but completely
orthogonal function system, which can be
constituted through recurrence relations of
Hadamard matrix H. Because its possible values
can only be +1 and -1 (or 0 and 1), thus makes it
suitable to express and process digital signals.
Walsh function is of the ideal cross-correlation
properties. In Walsh function, the cross-correlation
function of each two is 0, which means they are
orthogonal for each other.


SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)

C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)

C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
OVSF- Orthogonal variable spreading factor
OVSFOrthogonal variable spreading factor
Symbol Speed Spreading
FactorChip Speed
SF for uplink channel code4~256

SF for downlink channel code4~512
OVSF Code Scrambling
Code
Data
Symbol
Spread
Spectrum
Chip
Spread Spectrum of WCDMA System
User data
-1+1-1-1+1-1
SS code
+1-1-1+1-1+1+1-1
SS signal
User dataSS code
Despread data
User dataSS code

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Despread
Spread spectrum
WCDMA Spread Spectrum Illustration
Input signal
Local PN code
Judge at the time when T=Ts
Despread output
Integration
0
Ts
(*)dt
WCDMA Despread
Despread method

-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Despread
-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
1 1 1 1
-4 4
0 0
Judge
-1 1
1 -1 1 -1
-1 1
Spread
Integration
Example of Spread/Despread Process
Different users are using different spread
spectrum code
S1xC1
S2XC2
W
S1
S2
Spread
Despread
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Air Interface
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2=S2
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1=S1
N
S
Orthogonality of C1
and C2C1xC2=0
Example of Spread/Despread
Signals from other users
Eb/No PG
PG=Wc/R
Wc is chip rate
R is information
rate
Quality Factor of Spread Spectrum Eb/No
E
b
=
Signal Power
Bit Rate
=
S
R
E / t
B / t
=
N
0
=
Noise Power
Bandwidth
=
N
W
E
b
N
0

=
S
R
N
W
=
S
R
X
W
N
=
S
N
X
W
R
Signal to Noise
Processing Gain
The more the expansion multiples, the higher the
processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming capability
Relation between E
b
/N
0
and PG
f
Sf
f0
Signal spectrum before spreading
Signal
Sf
f
f0
Signal spectrum after spreading
Signal
Sf
f
f0
Signal spectrum after despreading
Signal
Interference noise
f
Sf
f0
Signal spectrum before despreading
Signal
Interference noise
Signal
Narrow-band interference Broad-band interference
SS Communication Illstration

Features of SS Communication
Strong anti-jamming capability
High privacy
Low emission power
Easy practice of larger-capacity and multi-access
communication
Broad frequency band
Transceiver Data Processing
Radio
Channel
Encoding
Interleaving
Baseband
Modulation
Spectrum
Spreading
Scramb
ling
Radio
Frequency
Modulation
Decoding
Deinterleav
ing
Baseband
Demodulation
Despre
ading
Descrambli
ng
Radio Frequency
Demodulation
Handset
Data
Hands
et
Data
OVSF code Scrambling
Data
Bit
Chip after
spreading
Introduction to Scrambling
Scrambling make user information pseudo-randomized, which
raised information privacy
WCDMA scrambling is a Gold code sequence generated from
the superimposition of two m sequences (the maximum-length
linear shift register sequences)
Scrambling is made up of uplink scrambling and downlink
scrambling, with different functions respectively

Scrambling in WCDMA System
WCDMA Scrambling code is Sequence generated by GOLD
Gold sequence is of wonderful auto-correlating property, and its
sub-sequences are of small correlation, which is used in CDMA
for distinguishing cells and users to conduct multiple access
Scrambling in WCDMA system is a kind of pseudo-random
sequence (PN code)
It has the properties similar to noise sequence, apparently
random but actually a binary sequence with regular
periodic manner. By scrambling, user data are further
randomized, which strengthened privacy, and meanwhile,
made multiple access communication more convenient.
Functions of Uplink/Downlink Scrambling
Uplink scrambling contains 224 codes, which are
used to distinguish different users in same cell.
There are long scrambling codes and short
scrambling codes, in which, short scrambling codes
are used for multiple user detection.
Downlink scrambling contains 218-1 codes, which
are used to distinguish different cells.
The frequently used scrambling codes are 01
8191made up of totally 512 collections, and each
collection contains one primary scrambling code and
15 secondary scrambling codes.
512 primary scrambling codes make 64 scrambling
code groups, and each group contains 8 primary
scrambling codes.
Transceiver Data Processing
Radio
Channel
Encoding
Interleaving
Baseband
Modulation
Spectrum
Spreading
Scramb
ling
Radio
Frequency
Modulation
Decoding
Deinterleavi
ng
Baseband
Demodulation
Despre
ading
Descrambli
ng
Radio Frequency
Demodulation
Handset
Data
Hands
et
Data
WCDMA Modulation
Uplink Modulation BPSK
Downlink Modulation QPSK (16QAM modulation
was introduced in HSDPA stage)


Separation of real parts and imaginary parts
Pulse
Forming
Pulse
Forming

Serial-Parallel Switch
Serial-Parallel Switch

Downlink physical
channel 1
C
ch,SF,m
j

I+jQ

S
dl,n
G
1
C
ch,SF,m
j

I+jQ

S
dl,n
G
2
Downlink physical
channel 2
G
p
G
p
P-SCH
S-SCH
cos(wt)

-sin(wt)

Re(T)
Im(T)
Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum
Modulation Process-Downlink
Separation of real parts and imaginary parts
Pulse
Forming
Pulse
Forming
cos(wt)

-sin(wt)

S
dpch,n
Re(S)
Im(S)

C
d,1

d
I
c
c
Q
j
I+jQ



DPDCH
1
C
d,3

d
DPDCH
3
C
d,5

d
DPDCH
5
C
d,2

d
DPDCH
2
C
d,4

d
DPDCH
4
C
d,6

d
DPDCH
6
c
c
C
c

c
DPCCH

Q
Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum
Modulation Process-Uplink
Questions
1Channel, Multiple Access and Multiplexing
2 Functions of Encoding and Interleaving
3 Principles of Spread Spectrum
4 Realization of Spread Spectrum in WCDMA