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Linear Algebra Lecture2

The document describes a university course on linear algebra. It covers topics like linear spaces, subspaces, transformations, matrices, determinants, and other linear algebra concepts. It provides the structure of the course including the number of lectures for each topic.

Uploaded by

Rio Carthiis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views

Linear Algebra Lecture2

The document describes a university course on linear algebra. It covers topics like linear spaces, subspaces, transformations, matrices, determinants, and other linear algebra concepts. It provides the structure of the course including the number of lectures for each topic.

Uploaded by

Rio Carthiis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Synopsys University Courseware

2009 Synopsys, Inc.


Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Linear Algebra
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Linear Systems: Introduction
1 lecture
Defined Linear Spaces on the Given Field
3 lectures
Linear Subspaces
1 lecture
Linear Transformation
1 lecture
Matrices and Determinants
2 lectures
Linear Systems : Continuation
2 lectures
Linear Transformation. Continuation
2 lectures




Content (1/2)
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Content (2/2)
Invariant Subspaces
1 lecture
Jordan Normal Form
3 lectures
Euclidean and Unitary Spaces
3 lectures
Linear Transformation in Euclidean and Unitary Spaces
3 lectures
Fredholm Theorems for Linear Systems
2 lectures
Square forms
2 lectures
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
a
a
vector
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Linear operations: Example (1)
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
( )
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) (
2
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o
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o o o o
fixed real numbers
Linear operations: Example (2)
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Linear Space (Vector Space): Definition
A vector space (over ) consists of a set along with two operations ,,+
and ,, so that
1. If , their vector sum , and


there is zero vector so that
each has an additive inverse so that
2. If scalars) and then each scalar multiple is in , and

1 =
3. distributive laws (connection of ,,+ and ,,)



L y x e , L y x e +
x y y x + = +
( ) ) ( z y x z y x + + = + +
L e 0 L x x x e = + 0
L x e L y e
0 = + y x
L y x e ,
( ) ( ) x s r x rs =
x
x r
( ) x s x r x s r + = +
x
( ) y r x r y x r + = +
R L

R s r e , L
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
1.

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= e = n k R x L
k
n
x
x
x
, 1 , :
2
1

with operations
R
x
x
x
y x
y x
y x
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+
+
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2. { } R a x a x a a x P L
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n n
e + + + = =


; ) (
1
1 1 0 1

with natural operations
addition and scalar
multiplication
1
=
n
D L
n
R L =
Examples of Vector Spaces
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
1. Definition: A subset of a vector space is linearly independent if none of its
elements is a linear combination of the others. Otherwise it is linearly
dependent.
2. Definition: A subset S of a vector space is linearly independent if and only if
for any distinct the only linear relationship among
those vectors
is trivial one:

S x x
m
e , ,
1

m k R x x
k
m m
, 1 , , 0
1 1
= e = + o o o
0
2 1
= = = =
m
o o o
Linear Independence
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
1. The set is linearly independent in

Because



2. In where




linearly dependent






{ } x x + 1 , 1 { } 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2
2
2 1 0
= e + + = k R a x a x a a D
k
0
0
0
2
0 0 0 0 ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
= =
=
= +

+ + = = + + = + +

o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o x x x x x
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= = =
4
4
10
,
2
2
5
,
1
2
3
3 2 1
x x x
{ } = = + +
|
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.
|

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|
3 2 1 3 2 1
, ,
0
0
0
0 ) 1 ( 2 0 x x x x x x
3
R
Examples
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Definition: If there exists linearly independent vectors in the linear
space , and arbitrary n+1 vectors in the linear space , are linearly
dependent, then the dimension of is or that is -dimensional space.
Example: The dimension of the set of first order polynomials is 2.
1. 1 and x are linearly independent:


2. for arbitrary the

and

0 0 1
2 1 2 1
= = = + o o o o x
( ) { }
( ) 0 1 0 1 1
, , 1
1 1 0
1 1 0 1
= + +
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
x P x a a
P x x a a x P
n
e e , ,
1

L L
L n L n
is linearly dependent
Dimension of Vector Space
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Definition: A basis for a vector space is a sequence of vectors
that form a set that is linearly independent and that spans the
space.
Example: This is a basis for

1. It is linearly independent


2. And it spans


for arbitrary .

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1
,
4
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2
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2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
= =
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= +
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+ |
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2
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2
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2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
R
y
x
y x c
x y
c
y c c
x c c
y
x
c c
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=

=
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= +
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2
R
Basis
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
For any { }
k
k
n
e
e e
=
=
|
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.
|

\
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0
1
0
, ,...,
1

c
where
-th row is the standard
(or natural) basis in
n
R
n
R
Basis
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Assume is n-dimensional vector space, and -
basis in . Then uniquely represents in the form.



Here th coordinate of the vector in basis.
That is


n
f f ,...,
1
L ae
R x f x a
k
n
k
k k
e

=
=
,
1
a
{ }
n
f f ,...,
1
|
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.
|

\
|

n
x
x
a
1
k x
k
L
L
Coordinates
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
Definition: An isomorphism between vector spaces L and M
is a map , that
1. is a correspondence one-to-one and onto
2. preserves linear structure:
if , then
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x rf x r f R r and L x
y f x f y x f
= e e
+ = +
M L f e :
L y x e ,
Isomorphism
Synopsys University Courseware
2009 Synopsys, Inc.
Lecture - 2
Developed By: Vazgen Melikyan
1. Arbitrary n-dimensional linear space L is isomorphic to







2. Vector spaces are isomorphic if and only if they have
the same dimension.

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= e = n k R
k
x
n
x
x
n
R , 1 , :
1

Properties of Isomorphic spaces

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