Example of SIC assembler language program

Line
source statement
5
COPY START 1000
10
FIRST
STL
RETADR
15
CLOOP JSUB RDREC
20
LDA
LENGTH
25
COMP ZERO
30
JEQ
ENDFIL
35
JSUB WRREC
40
J
CLOOP
45
ENDFIL LDA
EOF
50
STA
BUFFER
55
LDA
THREE
60
STA
LENGTH
65
JSUB
WRREC
70
LDL
RETADR
75
RSUB

1/4

EOF
EOF = 0 ?
EOF = 0
(output record)
CLOOP

EOF3
EOF

(caller)

Example of SIC assembler language program

80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130

2/4

EOF
BYTE
CEOF
THREE
WORD 3
ZERO
WORD 0
RETADR RESW 1
LENGTH RESW 1
BUFFER RESB
4096
4096 byte
.
.
SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER
.
()
RDREC LDX
ZERO

LDA
ZERO
AX0

Example of SIC assembler language program

135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190

RLOOP

TD
JEQ
RD
COMP
JEQ
STCH
TIX
JTL
EXIT
STX
RSUB
INPUT
BYTE
MAXLEN WORD

INPUT
RLOOP
INPUT
ZERO
EXIT
BUFFER,X
MAXLEN
RLOOP
LENGTH

XF1
4096

3/4

AX
(EOR=0)

(X)

Example of SIC assembler language program

4/4

195 .
200 .
SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD INTO BUFFER
205 .
()
210 WRREC LDX
ZERO

215 WLOOP TD
OUTPUT

220
JEQ
WLOOP

225
LDCH BUFFER,X (X)
230
WD
OUTPUT

235
TIX
LENGTH

240
JLT
WLOOP
245
RSUB

250 OUTPUT BYTE X05

255
END FIRST

Object code of SIC assembler language program

Line
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

Loc
1000
1000
1003
1006
1009
100C
100F
1012
1015
1018
101B
101E
1021
1024
1027

1/4

Source statement
object code
COPY
START 1000
FIRST
STL
RETADR
141033
CLOOP JSUB RDREC
482039
LDA
LENGTH
001036
COMP ZERO
281030
JEQ
ENDFIL
301015
JSUB WRREC
482061
J
CLOOP
3C1003
ENDFIL LDA
EOF
00102A
STA
BUFFER
0C1039
LDA
THREE
00102D
STA
LENGTH
0C1036
JSUB
WRREC
482061
LDL
RETADR
081033
RSUB
4C0000

Object code of SIC assembler language program

80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130

102A
102D
1030
1033
1036
1039
.
.
.
2039
203C

EOF
THREE
ZERO
RETADR
LENGTH
BUFFER

BYTE
CEOF
WORD 3
WORD 0
RESW 1
RESW 1
RESB
4096

2/4

454F46
000003
000000

SUBROUTINE TO HEAD RECORD INTO BUFFER

RECORD LDX
LDA

ZERO
ZERO

041030
001030

Object code of SIC assembler language program

135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190

203F RLOOP
2042
2045
2048
204B
204E
2051
2054
2057 EXIT
205A
205D INPUT
205E MAXLEN

TD
JEQ
RD
COMP
JEQ
STCH
TIX
JTL
STX
RSUB
BYTE
WORD

INPUT
RLOOP
INPUT
ZERO
EXIT
BUFFER,X
MAXLEN
RLOOP
LENGTH
XF1
4096

E0205D
30203F
D8205D
281030
302057
549039
2C205E
38203F
101036
4C0000
F1
001000

3/4

Object code of SIC assembler language program

195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255

4/4

.
.
SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD INTO BUFFER
.
2061 WRREC LDX
ZERO
041030
2064 WLOOP TD
OUTPUT
E02079
2067
JEQ
WLOOP
302064
206A
LDCH BUFFER,X
509039
206D
WD
OUTPUT
DC2079
2070
TIX
LENGTH
2C1036
2073
JLT
WLOOP
382064
2076
RSUB
4C0000
2079 OUTPUT BYTE X05
05
END
FIRST

Assembler language
program (Fig.2.1)

Algorithm of assembler
(Fig.2.4)

Assembly listing for

debugging (Fig.2.2)

Object program
(Fig.2.3)

COPY START 1000

begin
read first input line
if OPCODE = 'START' then
begin
save #[OPERAND] as starting address
initialize LOCCTR to starting address
write line to intermediate file
read next input line
end {if START}
else
initialize LOCCTR to 0

LOCCTR=1000

Fig.2.1

Fig.2.4(a)

COPY START 1000 Intermediate file

10

FIRST

Fig.2.1

STL RETADR

while OPCODE <> 'END' do

begin
.
.
insert (LABEL.LOCCTR) into SYMTAB
.
if found then
add 3 {instruction length} to LOCCTR
.
.
write line to intermediate file
read next input line
end {while}

(FIRST,1000)
LOCCTR=1003

Fig.2.4(a)

FIRST STL RETADR

Intermediate file

15 CLOOP JSUB RDREC

Fig.2.1

while OPCODE <> 'END' do

begin
.
.
insert (LABEL.LOCCTR) into SYMTAB
.
if found then
add 3 {instruction length} to LOCCTR
.
.
write line to intermediate file
read next input line
end {while}

(CLOOP,1003)
LOCCTR=1006

Fig.2.4(a)

CLOOP JSUB RDREC

Intermediate file

20

LDA

LENGTH

Fig.2.1

while OPCODE <> 'END' do

begin
.
.
if found then
add 3 {instruction length} to LOCCTR
.
write line to intermediate file
read next input line
end {while}

LOCCTR=1009

LDA

Fig.2.4(a)

LENGTH

Intermediate file

80
85
90

(EOF , 102A)
LOCCTR=102D
(THREE ,102D)
LOCCTR=1030
(ZERO , 1030)
LOCCTR=1033

EOF
BYTE
THREE WORD
ZERO WORD

CEOF
3
0

Fig.2.1

while OPCODE <> 'END' do

begin
.
insert (LABEL.LOCCTR) into SYMTAB
.
else if OPCODE = 'WORD' then
add 3 to LOCCTR
else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' then
begin
find length of constant in bytes
add length to LOCCTR
end
.
write line to intermediate file
read next input line
end {while}

EOF
BYTE
THREE WORD
ZERO WORD

Fig.2.4(a)

CEOF
3
0

Intermediate file

Function of algorithm for pass_1 of assembler

(1)Assign address to all statements in the
program
(2)Save the values (address) assigned to
all labels
(3)Perform some processing of assembler
directives

5
10

COPY START 1000

FIRST STL
RETADER

.
(RETADR , 1033)
.

intermediate
Pass 2 :
begin
read first input line {from intermediate file}
if OPCODE = 'START' then
begin

end{if start}
write Header record to obect program
initialize first Text record
while OPCODE 'END' do
Fig2.4(b)
..
write listing line
read next input line
end {while}
write last Text record to object program

end {pass 2}
5
10

1000 COPY START 1000

1000 FIRST STL

file

HCOPY--00100000107A
T 001000__141033

RETADR 141033
Fig2.2

Assembler language
program (Fig.2.1)

Algorithm of assembler
(Fig.2.4)

Assembly listing for

debugging (Fig.2.2)

Object program
(Fig.2.3)

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case1

Line Loc Source statement

5
1000 COPY START 1000

Pass 2
Fig2.4(b)

SYMTAB

(LOCCTR-starting address)
= length

H COPY 001000 00107A

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case2
Line Loc Source statement
10 1000 FIRST
STL
RETADR

Pass 2
Fig2.4(b)

Instruction Table

SYMTAB
( LABEL LOCCTR )
RETADR 1033

141033

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case3
Line Loc Source statement
80 102A EOF
BYTE
CEOF
character
Pass 2 Fig2.4(b)
else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' or 'WORD' then
convert constant to object code

454F46

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case4
Line Loc Source statement
85 102D THREE
WORD 3

Pass 2 Fig2.4(b)
else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' or 'WORD' then
convert constant to object code

000003

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case5
Line Loc Source statement
185 205D INPUT
BYTE XF1
hexadecimal
Pass 2 Fig2.4(b)
else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' or 'WORD' then
convert constant to object code

F1

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case6
Line Loc Source statement
190 205E MAXLEN WORD 4096

Pass 2 Fig2.4(b)

4096 = 212

else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' or 'WORD' then

convert constant to object code
12 8 4 1

001000

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

case7
Line Loc
255

Source statement
END
FIRST

Pass 2
Fig2.4(b)

SYMTAB
( LABEL LOCCTR )

FIRST 1000

E 001000

Object Program correspond to Fig 2.2

HCOPY 00100000107A
T 001000 1E 141033 482039 001036 281030 301015 482061
3C1003 00102A 0C1039 00102D
T 00101E 15 0C1036 482061 081033 4C0000 454F46 000003
000000
T 002039 1E 041030 001030 E0205D 30203F D8205D 281030
302057 549039 2C205E 38203F
T 002057 1C 101036 4C0000 F1 001000 041030 E02079 302064
509039 DC2079 2C1036
T 002073 07 382064 4C0000 05
E 001000

Fig 2.3

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(1) Addressing mode symbols:
@ : indirect addressing mode
70
J
@RETADR

95 RETADR RESW
1
# : immediate addressing mode
55
LDA #3
+ : extended instruction format
15 CLOOP +JSUB
RDREC

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(2) Use of register-register instructions
instead of register memory instructions
-> improve the exaction speed of the
program.
CPU

Memory

I/O

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(3) If neither program-counter relative nor
base relative addressing can be used, then
the 4-byte extended Instruction format
must be used.
15

0006

1036-0009
=102D >1000

125 1036

CLOOP +JSUB

RDREC

.
.
RDREC

CLEAR X

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(4) Displacement calculation for programcounter relative and base addressing
modes:
10 0000 FIRST STL RETADR

Since address (RETADR) =0030 and next address (FIRST)

=0003, we obtain displacement=0030-0003=02D with pc
relative addressing and neither indirect nor immediate
addressing, the object code of this assembly instruction is
17202D
Opcode (STL)

n i x b p e ..

000101
1

11 0 0 1 0 ..
7

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(5) The difference between pc relative
addressing and base relative addressing
is that the assembler knows what the
contents of the program-counter will be
at execution time but the base register is
under the control of the programmer.
20

000A

LDA

LENGTH

100 0033 LENGTH RESW 1

175 1056 EXIT

STX

LENGTH

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(6) The displacement of pc relative mode
is between -2048 and +2047 but the
displacement of base relative mode is
between 0 and 4095. For SIC/XE
assembler, it attempt pc relative mode
assembly first.
20

000A

LDA

LENGTH

100 0033 LENGTH RESW 1

175 1056 EXIT

STX

LENGTH

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(7) The kind of sharing of the common memory
among programs is called multiprogramming.
An object program that contains the information
necessary to perform address modification is call
a relocatable program.
Ex.

15 CLOOP +JSUB

RDREC

M 000007 05

0000

.
0006 4B101036 (CLOOP +JSUB RDREC)
.
.
(RDREC CLEAR X)
B410
1036
.
.

4B101036
0007

4B106036

M 000007 05

5000

.
5006 4B106036
.
.
B410
6036
.
.

Fig 2.7

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(8) Modification record:
Col. 1 M
Col. 2-7 Starting location of the address
field to be modified, relative to
the beginning of the program.
Col. 8-9 Length of the address field to be
modified in half-bytes.
15 CLOOP +JSUB

RDREC

M 000007 05
(5*4=20 bits )

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(9) The instructions need not be modified:
* the instruction operand is not a memory
address.
25
COMP #0
* the operand is specified using pc relative
or base relative addressing.
40
160

J
STCH

CLOOP
BUFFER,X

2.2 Machine-dependent assembler

(10) The only parts of the program that
require modification at load time are
those that specify direct address.
15 CLOOP +JSUB
35
+JSUB
65
+JSUB

RDREC M 000007 05
WRREC M 000014 05
WRREC M 000027 05

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(1)Immediate addressing : the operand is
assembled as part of the machine
instruction.
Literal addressing : the operand value is
specified as a constant at some other
memory location.

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(2)LITTAB (literal table):
Pass 1: literal->LITTAB->LTORG->address
Pass 2: literal->LITTAB->address

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(3)Why use EQU?
*It is used for improved readability in place
of numeric values.
*It is used for defining mnemonic names
for registers.
*It is used to have the standard register
mnemonic built into the assembler.

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(4)Why use ORG?
*It assigns values to symbols.
*It is used in label definition.
*Restriction: it must have been defined
previously in the program.

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(5)Expressions are classified as either absolute
expressions or relative expressions depending upon
the type of value they produce.
*Absolute expressions: relative terms occur in pairs.
*Relative expressions: the remaining unpaired
relative term must have a positive sign.
*Example:
RETADR(R),BUFFER(R),BUFEND(R),MAXLEN(A).

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(6)Program locks allow the generated
machine instructions and data to appear in
the object program in a different order from
the corresponding source statements.

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(7)The assembler directive USE indicates
which portions of the source program
belong to the various blocks.

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(8)During pass 1, a separate location counter for each program
block and each label in the program is assigned an address
that in relative to the start of the block that contains it.
Block name Block number Address Length
(default)
0
0000 0066
CDATA
1
0066 000B
CBLKS
2
0071 1000
Example:
20 0006 0 LDA LENGTH 032 ???
operand (LENGTH)=0003
start address of program block 1 (CDATA)=0066
->Target address=0003+0066=0069
->Since pc relative addressing, the required
displacement=0069-0009=0060->???=060

2.3 Machine-independent
assembler features
(9)The separation of the program into blocks
has considerably reduced the addressing
problems.
HCOPY...
T000000...
T00001E...
T000027...
T000044...
T00006C...
T00004D...
T00006D...
T000000...

2.3.5
Control sections
and program linking

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

1/7

(1)A control section is a part of the program

that maintains its identity after assembly.
When control section from logically related
parts of a program, it is necessary to
provide some means for linking them
together. A major benefit of using control
sections is the resulting flexibility.

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

2/7

(2)The EXTDEF statement in a control

section names symbols called external
symbols, that are defined in this control
sections and may be used by other sections.

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

3/7

(3)The EXTREF statement names symbols

that are used in this control sections and
defined elsewhere.

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

4/7

(4)Example:
(Fig 2.16)

15 0003 CLOOP +JSUB RDREC 4B100000

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

5/7

(5)Note the different between the handing

of the expression on line 190 and the similar
expression on line 107.
(Fig 2.16)

107 1000 MAXLEN EQU

BUFEND-BUFFER

109 1000 MAXLEN WORD BUFEND-BUFFER

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking

6/7

(6)The assembler must include information

in the object program that will cause the
loader to insert the proper values where
they are required. The required types of
object code format to handle external
defined or external referenced symbols are
Define, Refer and revised Modification.

2.3.5 Control sections and

program linking
(7)Example:
M00000405+RDREC

7/7

2.4
Assembler design options

2.4 Assembler design options

1/8

(1) Two pass assembler with overlay

structure is designed to execute some of its
segments overlaying others.

2.4 Assembler design options

2/8

(2)To reduce the size of the problem, many

one-pass assemblers do prohibit forward
references to data items.

2.4 Assembler design options

3/8

(3)There are two main types of one-pass

assembler. One type produces object code
directly in memory for immediate execution;
the other type produces the usual kind of
object program for later execution.

2.4 Assembler design options

4/8

(4) Load-and-go assembler: It scans source

program if operand is not defined, the
operand address is omitted until the
definition is encountered if the value of
some operand in SYMTAB is still marked
with * after the completion of scanning
source code, it indicate undefined symbol
errors.

2.4 Assembler design options

5/8

(5) One-pass assemblers that produce

object programs as output: The assembler
generates another Text record with the
correct operand address. When the program
is loaded, this address will be inserted into
the instruction by the action of the loader.

2.4 Assembler design options

6/8

(6) Multi-pass assembler can made as many

passes as are needed to process the
definitions of symbols.

2.4 Assembler design options

7/8

(7)The undefined symbol is stored in the

SYMTAB in the defining expression is
undefined while the expression might be
pointed by the SYMTAB.
Symbol * identicates undefined operand.
Associated with the entry of SYMTAB is a list
of the symbols whose values depend on the
symbols of this entry.

2.4 Assembler design options

(8) Operation of multi-pass assembler:
Defined symbol
SYMTAB (&n-1) or *
expression
recursive operation
in any symbols remained undefined
errors.

8/8