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Presentation Chemistry

carbon and it's compounds

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Anjali Kumari
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70 views20 pages

Presentation Chemistry

carbon and it's compounds

Uploaded by

Anjali Kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

As a
member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent
making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three
naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is
radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the
few elements known since antiquity.
Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth
most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and
oxygen. It is present in all known life forms, and in the human body carbon is the
second most abundant element by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. This
abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their
unusual polymer-forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on
Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life.

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four
electrons to attain noble gas configuration. If it were to gain or lose electrons
(i) It could gain four electrons forming C4 anion.
(ii) It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation.
Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its valence electrons with other
atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements. Not just carbon, but many
other elements form molecules by sharing electrons in this manner. The shared
electrons belong to the outer shells of both the atoms and lead to both atoms
attaining the noble gas configuration.
This type of bond formed by sharing of electrons is called covalent bond.
Covalently bonded molecules are seen to have strong bonds within the
molecule, but intermolecular forces are small. This gives rise to the low melting
and boiling points of these compounds. Since the electrons are shared between
atoms and no charged particles are formed, such covalent compounds are
generally poor conductors of electricity.

Allotropes of carbon
The element carbon occurs in different forms in nature with

widely varying physical properties. Both diamond and graphite


are formed by carbon atoms, the difference lies in the manner
in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. In
diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon
atoms forming a rigid three-dimensional structure. In graphite,
each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in
the same plane giving a hexagonal array. One of these bonds
is a double-bond, and thus the valiancy of carbon is satisfied.
Graphite structure is formed by the hexagonal arrays being
placed in layers one above the other.

Versatile nature of

carbon

Tetra valency
(ii) Since carbon has a

valency of four, it is capable


of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or atoms of
some other mono-valent
element. Compounds of
carbon are formed with
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulphur, chlorine and many
other elements giving rise to
compounds with specific
properties which depend on
the elements other than
carbon present in the
molecule.

Saturated & unsaturated


hydrocarbons.
Compounds of carbon,

which are linked by only


single bonds between
the carbon atoms are
called saturated
compounds.
Compounds of carbon,
which are linked by only
single bonds between
the carbon atoms are
called saturated
compounds.

Compounds formed by carbon

and hydrogen only are called


hydrocarbons.
Those hydrocarbons which
have single bonds in molecular
structure are called alkanes.
Generic formula for alkanes is
CnH(2n+2)
Hydrocarbons with double
bonds are called alkenes.
Generic formula for alkenes is
CnH2n
Hydrocarbons with triple bonds
are called alkynes. Generic
formula for alkynes is CnHn

Functional groups.
Carbon seems to be a very friendly element.

So far we have been looking at compounds


of carbon and hydrogen. But carbon also
forms bonds with other elements such as
halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. In a
hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogens
can be replaced by these elements, such
that the valency of carbon remains satisfied.
In such compounds, the element replacing
hydrogen is referred to as a heteroatom.
These heteroatoms confer specific properties
to the compound, regardless of the length
and nature of the carbon chain and hence
are called functional groups. The functional
group is attached to the carbon chain
through this valency by replacing one
hydrogen atom or atoms

Homologous series
The presence of a functional group such as alcohol dictates

the properties of the carbon compound, regardless of the


length of the carbon chain. For example, the chemical
properties of CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH and C4H9OH are all
very similar. Hence, such a series of compounds in which the
same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon
chain is called a homologous series.
As the molecular mass increases in any homologous series, a
gradation in physical properties is seen. This is because the
melting points and boiling points increase with increasing
molecular mass. Other physical properties such as solubility in
a particular solvent also show a similar gradation. But the
chemical properties, which are determined solely by the
functional group, remain similar in a homologous series.

Nomenclature of carbon
compounds

Combustion.
Carbon, in all its allotropic forms, burns in oxygen to give carbon

dioxide along with the release of heat and light. Most carbon
compounds also release a large amount of heat and light on burning.
Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame while
unsaturated carbon compounds will give a yellow flame with lots of
black smoke. However, limiting the supply of air results in incomplete
combustion of even saturated hydrocarbons, giving a sooty flame.
The gas/kerosene stove used at home has inlets for air so that a
sufficiently oxygen-rich mixture is burnt to give a clean blue flame. If
you observe the bottoms of cooking vessels getting blackened, it
means that the air holes are blocked and fuel is getting wasted.
Fuels such as coal and petroleum have some amount of nitrogen
and sulphur in them. Their combustion results in the formation of
oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which are major pollutants in the
environment.

Oxidation.
Oxidation: Carbon compounds can be easily

oxidised on combustion. In addition to this complete


oxidation, we have reactions in which alcohols are
converted to carboxylic acids

Addition reaction.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the

presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to


give saturated hydrocarbons. Catalysts are
substances that cause a reaction to occur or
proceed at a different rate without the reaction itself
being affected. This reaction is commonly used in
the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel
catalyst.

Substitution reaction.
Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and

are inert in the presence of most reagents.


However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine is
added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction.
Chlorine can replace the hydrogen atoms one by
one. It is called a substitution reaction because
one type of atom or a group of atoms takes the
place of another. A number of products are usually
formed with the higher homologues of alkanes.

BY
- Anjali kumari
Class X a

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