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Esn Process Control (Me) 1

This document summarizes an experiment conducted to study the effect of initial concentration on sedimentation characteristics. The experiment measured the height of the clear liquid interface over time for calcium carbonate suspensions with concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. As the initial concentration increased, the settling velocity decreased in a non-linear fashion. For example, the 2% suspension had an initial settling velocity of 696 mm/hr, while the 10% suspension was only 114 mm/hr. A graph of the interface heights versus time showed the formation of distinct concentration zones over the 24-hour settling period. The results indicate that higher initial concentrations slow sedimentation rates due to hindered settling effects between particles.

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35 views13 pages

Esn Process Control (Me) 1

This document summarizes an experiment conducted to study the effect of initial concentration on sedimentation characteristics. The experiment measured the height of the clear liquid interface over time for calcium carbonate suspensions with concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. As the initial concentration increased, the settling velocity decreased in a non-linear fashion. For example, the 2% suspension had an initial settling velocity of 696 mm/hr, while the 10% suspension was only 114 mm/hr. A graph of the interface heights versus time showed the formation of distinct concentration zones over the 24-hour settling period. The results indicate that higher initial concentrations slow sedimentation rates due to hindered settling effects between particles.

Uploaded by

hakankurdish
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Koya University

Faculty of Engineering
Chemical engineering Department
Name of Experiment: Effect of Initial Concentration on
Sedimentation Characteristics
No . Of Experiment : (1)
Group : (A)
Name of lab :unit operation lab
Prepared by : mevan Ahmed
pavel hamasalih
masoud bilal
balen mohamad
hersh anwar
kaywan osman
Supervised by: teach.Abdwlmajid
Date of experiment: 26/10/2014
Date of summation: 2/11/2014

Content

Subject

page

Aim.1
Introduction..2
Theory...3
Equipment.5
Procedure.............6
Table of data............7
Table of Calculation.8
Discussion.11
Reference................17

Aim
Graph of Clear Liquid Interface Height
vs. Settling Time
Study theEffect of Initial Concentration
on Sedimentation Characteristics

Introduction
Sedimentation (settling) is the separation of suspended particles
that are heavier than
water. The sedimentation of particles are based on the gravity
force from the di
erences
in density between particles and the
uid. Sedimentation is widely used in wastewater
treatment systems. A successful sedimentation is crucial for the
overall eciency of the
plant. Common examples include the removal of;
Grit and particulate matter in the primary settling basin
(settling tanks that
receive raw wastewater prior to biological treatment are
called primary tanks, forsedimentering).
Sludge from the bioreactor (activated sludge process).
Chemical flocs in the chemical step.

Theory
Theoretical basis:
Sedimentation is simply the process of letting suspended
material settle by gravity.
It is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of the water being
treated to a point below which the particles will no longer
remain in suspensionWhen the velocity no longer supports the
transport of the particles, gravity will remove them from the
flow.
In a glass cylinder, when solids diffuse through the interface, the
process starts then to settle from a slurry during a batch settling
test and assumed to approach terminal velocities under
hindered settling conditions. Thus, several zones of
concentration will be established
The particle is not actually sent all the way to the bottom of the
cell, resulting in a sediment. Rather, a low centrifugal field is
used to create a concentration gradient- where more particles
near the bottom of the cell than near the top.
When the temperature decreases, the rate of settling becomes
slower. The result is that as the water cools, the detention time
in the sedimentation cylinder must increase.
As sedimentation continues, heights of each zone vary and the
point at which a single distinct interface forms between liquid
and sediments will be reach.

Sedimentation is one of the great classical methods where it is


applied for polymer characterization. It can determine the
concentration of a polymeric solute as a function of position
from the center of a rapidly rotating cell.
Also, the chemical industry has large scope manufacturers of
pharmaceuticals where suspension is usually applicable for drug
which is insoluble or poorly soluble. This is to prevent
degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug and to mask
the taste of bitter of unpleasant drug.
The Critical Sedimentation Point is the point in the settling
process at which the particles in the mixture have reached the
sediment stage. None of the suspension zone is still around.
At the critical point, it should be noted that things have not
been completely compressed; merely compressed enough for
all the particles to have entered into the sediment zone.

Equipment

Sedimentation Study Unit


Used materials:
Water, sand, salt, CaCO3 and colors
chalk.

Experimental Proceeding:
1. Two liters of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% & 10% by weight CaCO3
suspension in water are prepared.
2. Each slurry is placed in sedimentation tubes at the
same height.
3. The slurry inside the vessel was ensured to have a
homogenous characteristic by carefully mixing and
shaking the sedimentation cylinders.
4. The heights of the clear regions were recorded with
intervals of 5 minutes for the first two hours.
5. The samples were left overnight and the last point is to
be recorded at that period.

Table of data

Time
interval
minute

Height of interface cm
2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

791

781

805

813

812

10

675

705

756

783

793

20

563

633

710

755

776

30

447

559

664

728

760

40

338

487

618

701

744

50

230

416

573

674

728

60

120

345

529

649

714

70

74

277

486

624

698

80

64

218

445

599

683

90

57

196

409

574

670

100

50

183

380

556

656

24 hr

39

72

108

142

175

calculation
Sample of calculation:

For 2%
H2=675 mm
H1=791 mm
DH=H2-H1 = 791-675 = 116 mm
Time = 10 min
Velocity = DH/time
Velocity = 116/10 = 11.6 mm/min
Velocity = 696 mm/hr

Table of calculation

Time interval
minute

Settling velocity mm/hr

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

10

696

456

294

180

114

20

672

432

276

168

102

30

696

444

276

162

96

40

654

432

276

162

96

50

648

426

270

162

96

60

660

426

264

150

84

70

276

408

258

150

96

80

60

354

246

150

90

90

42

132

216

150

78

100

42

78

174

108

84

24 hr

0.4583

4.625

11.33

17.25

20.04

Figure (1)

reference

Lab. sheet
https://www.google.iq/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=29RPVJjjGIfe8gfvmoH
QDg&gws_rd=ssl#q=sedimentation+introduction

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