INVESTMENT

OPPORTUNITY
BY:AMOL SAXENA

NAYONIKA
CHOUDHRY
VAISHALI RAI
AKANSHA TRIPATHI
DIKHSA JAIN

Investing

T00901.02

Putting your money to use in order to

make money on it.
investment is putting money into
something with the expectation of gain

H4

The Primary and Secondary

Stock Markets

The Primary market is the market where investors purchase

newly issued securities.

The Secondary market is the market where investors trade

previously issued securities. An investor can trade:

5-3

Initial public offering (IPO): An initial public offer occurs when a

company offers stock for sale to the public for the first time.

Directly with other investors.

Indirectly through a broker who arranges transactions for others.
Directly with a dealer who buys and sells securities from inventory.

Financial Market

Money market
Commercial
banks

Short term
instruments

Credit
unions

Primary
Mkt Inst

Capital
market

Primary
market
Firms raise
capital

debt
equity
Public

Private
placement

Stock
excha
nge

Insurance
cos
NIS

Secondar
y market

Investors
trade
securities
issued in
primary
market

Instruments
Equities

Most popular
investing
instruments
Stocks and shares

Bonds

Bonus issues
Corporate
Rights
issues
Government

Intermediaries
Brokerage houses

Stock brokers
Advisors

Hand in
Hand
Beharry
stockbrok
ers
Trust
company
GuyAmeri
ca

PRIMARY MARKET

The primary market is that part of the

capital market that deals with the issuance
of new securities. Companies,
governments or public sector institutions
can obtain funding through the sale of a
new stock or bond issue.

PRIMARY MARKET
INSTRUMENTS

The secondary market, also called

aftermarket, is the financial market in
which previously issued financial
instruments such as stock, bonds, options,
and futures are bought and sold.

Types of investment
opportunity

T009-01.04
Investing Through Banks
Savings Account

Simplest form of saving

Offered by all institutions (banks, credit unions, etc.)
Generally, a low minimum deposit is required
Interest is low and varies from institution to institution
Certificate of Deposit

Requires a minimum deposit for a minimum amount of

time
Interest rates are higher than a savings account
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Investing Through

T00901.05
Banks

Continued

Money Market Fund

Kind of mutual fund, or pool of money, put into
a variety of short-term debt by business and
government.

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CAPITAL
MARKET

CAPITAL MARKET
The

market where investment instruments like

bonds, equities and mortgages are traded is
known as the capital market.
The primal role of this market is to make
investment from investors who have surplus
funds to the ones who are running a deficit.

The capital market offers both long term and

overnight funds.
The different types of financial instruments
that are traded in the capital markets are:
> equity instruments
> credit market instruments,
> insurance instruments,
> foreign exchange instruments,
> hybrid instruments and
> derivative instruments.

Nature of capital market

The nature of capital market is brought out by the
following facts:
It Has Two Segments
It Deals In Long-Term Securities
It Performs Trade-off Function
It Creates Dispersion In Business Ownership
It Helps In Capital Formation
It Helps In Creating Liquidity

Types of capital market

There are two types of capital market:
Primary market,
Secondary market

Primary Market
It is that market in which shares,
debentures and other securities are sold for
the first time for collecting long-term
capital.
This market is concerned with new issues.
Therefore, the primary market is also called
NEW ISSUE MARKET.

In this market, the flow of funds is from savers

to borrowers (industries), hence, it helps directly
in the capital formation of the country.
The money collected from this market is
generally used by the companies to modernize
the plant, machinery and buildings, for
extending business, and for setting up new
business unit.

Features of Primary Market

It Is Related With New Issues
It Has No Particular Place
It Has Various Methods Of Float Capital: Following
are the methods of raising capital in the primary
market:
i) Public Issue
ii) Offer For Sale
iii) Private Placement
iv) Right Issue
v) Electronic-Initial Public Offer
It comes before Secondary Market

Secondary Market
The secondary market is that market in
which the buying and selling of the
previously issued securities is done.
The transactions of the secondary market
are generally done through the medium of
stock exchange.
The chief purpose of the secondary market
is to create liquidity in securities.

If an individual has bought some

security and he now wants to sell it, he
can do so through the medium of stock
.
exchange
to sell or purchase through
the medium of stock exchange requires
the services of the broker presently,
their are 24 stock exchange in India.

Features of Secondary Market

It Creates Liquidity
It Comes After Primary Market
It Has A Particular Place
It Encourage New Investments

CAPITAL MARKET RISK

Investment in long term financial instruments
is accompanied by high capital market risks.
Since there are two types of capital markets- the
stock market and the bond market.
So risks are present in both the market.

Risk in the Stock Market

Stock prices keep fluctuating over a wide
range unlike the bank deposits or government
bonds.
The efficient market hypothesis shows the
effect of fundamental factors in changing the
price of the stock market.

 The

Efficient Market Hypothesis shows that all

price movements are random whereas there are
plenty of studies that reflect the fact that there is a
specific trend in the stock market prices over a
period of time.
Research has shown that there are certain
psychological factors that shape the stock market
prices.

Sometimes the market behaves illogically to any

economic news.
The stock market prices can be diverted in any
direction in response to press releases, rumors and
mass panic.

The stock market prices are also subject to

speculation. In the short run the stock market prices
may be very volatile due to the occurrences of the fast
market changing events.

Risk in the Bond Market

Capital market risk in the bond market arises due to

interest rate changes. There is an inverse relationship
existing between the interest rate and the price of the
bond. Hence the bond prices are sensitive to the
monetary policy of the country as well as economic
changes.

INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET

The Indian Capital Market is one of the oldest capital

markets in Asia which evolved around 200 years ago.
Chronology of the Indian capital markets
>1830s: Trading of corporate shares and stocks in
Bank and cotton Presses in Bombay.
>1850s: Sharp increase in the capital market
brokers owing to the rapid development of commercial
enterprise.

>1860-61: Outbreak of the American Civil

War and ' Share Mania ' in India.
>1894: Formation of the Hamada Shares
and Stock Brokers Association.
>1908: Formation of the Calcutta Stock
Exchange Association.

The pattern of growth in the Indian

capital markets in the post
independence regime can be analyzed
from the following graphs:

From the above graph we find that the

number of stock exchanges in India
increased at a crawling pace till 1980
but witnessed a sharp rise thereafter
till 1995.

The following diagram shows the trend

in the no. of listed companies
participating in the Indian Capital
Market. Here again we register a sharp
rise after 1980. The number of stocks
issued by the listed companies also
shows a similar trend:

CAPITAL MARKET REPORT

The Capital Market Report is prepared by
the capital market analysts and is of various
types.
There are four different kinds of capital market
reports: >10-K Reports,
>10-Q Reports,
>Form 8-K Reports,
>the Proxy Statements .

10-K Reports

This is a kind of annual report of the company that

contains information of the company's business,
finances and management.
This informs us about the bylaws of the company, other
legal documents and the lawsuits that the company may
have a hand in.

10-Q Reports or the Quarterly Reports

The quarterly reports are the abridged form of the

annual reports.
They are issued at an interval of three months.
They consist of financial statements and list the
material events that have occurred in the company.

Form 8 K Report

The companies that are publicly traded are

required to maintain the Form 8-K where they
record any material event that might have
affected the financial status of the company

Proxy Statements

The proxy statement consists of business issues

that need to be discussed in the meeting and a
ballot for voting for the purpose of forming the
new Board of directors.

CAPITAL MARKET INVESTMENT

Capital market investment takes place through
the bond market and the stock market.
The capital market is basically the financial pool in
which different companies as well as the government
can raise long term funds.
Capital market investment that takes place through
the bond and the stock market may be elucidated in
the following heads.

Capital market investments in the stock market

The stock market is basically the trading
ground capital market investment in the following:
i) Companys stocks
ii) Derivatives
iii) Other securities
The capital market investments in the stock market
take place by:
1) Small individual stock investors
2) Large hedge fund traders.
The capital market investments can occur either in:
1) The physical market by a method known as the
open outcry.

2) Trading can also occur in the virtual exchange where

trading is done in the computer network.
The investors in the stock market have the liberty to
buy or sell the stock that they are holding at their
own discretion unlike the case of government
securities, bonds or real estate.
The stock exchanges basically function as the clearing
house for such liquid transactions.
The capital market investments in the stock market
are also done through the derivative instruments like
the stock options and the stock futures.

Capital Market Investments in the Bond Market

The bond market is a financial market where the
participants buy and sell debt securities.
The bond market is also differently known as the debt,
credit or fixed income market.
There are different types of bond markets based on the
different types of bonds that are traded. They are:
Corporate,
Government and agency,
Municipal,
Bonds backed by mortgages & assets,
Collateralized Debt Obligation.

The bonds, except for the corporate bonds do not

have formal exchanges but are traded over-thecounter.
Individual investors are attracted to the bond market
and make investments through the bond funds,
closed-end-funds or the unit investment trusts.
Another way of investing directly in the bond issue is
the Exchange-traded-funds.
The capital market investment in the bond market is
done by:
Institutional investors
Governments, traders and
Individuals.