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Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data - Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the technique of collecting information about an object without physical contact. It works by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and analyzing data captured by platforms like satellites, aircrafts and drones. There are different types of remote sensing technologies that use various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including aerial photography, electro-optical, infrared and microwave sensors. Data collected through remote sensing has various applications and resolutions that provide information on features and changes on Earth.

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Mussawer Hasnain
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38 views

Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data - Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the technique of collecting information about an object without physical contact. It works by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and analyzing data captured by platforms like satellites, aircrafts and drones. There are different types of remote sensing technologies that use various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including aerial photography, electro-optical, infrared and microwave sensors. Data collected through remote sensing has various applications and resolutions that provide information on features and changes on Earth.

Uploaded by

Mussawer Hasnain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geographic Information Systems

GIS Data - Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing Definition

"I want to know how God created this world. I am not interested in
this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I
want to know His thoughts; -the rest are details. Albert Einstein

Remote Sensing Definition ..

The technique of collecting information from a


distance without physical touch
Remotely sensed data
Aerial photography
Digital satellite images
Radar images
etc.

2. Properties of EM Energy
EM

travels at the speed of light 3x108m/sec


Wavelength l and Frequency n

Properties ..
The type of energy is defined by its position in
the EM spectrum in terms of wavelength,
measured by mm
1m = 1,000mm, 1mm = 1,000mm

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/bmw26z/2188

Properties ..
Major divisions of EM spectrum
X-rays, UV, visible, infrared, microwave, TV

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/spectrum.html

Properties ..
Atmospheric effects
Atmospheric absorption: H2O, CO2, O3

From http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-3.html

Properties ..
Atmospheric

windows
Those wavelengths that are relatively easily
transmitted through the atmosphere
The windows: UV, visible, near infrared, mid
infrared, far infrared, microwave

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/atmoseff.htm#windows

Properties ..
Atmospheric scattering
The redirection of EM energy by particles
suspended in the atmosphere or large molecules
of atmospheric gases
Radiation of short wavelength is easier to be
scattered

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/mch/sct.rxml

Properties ..

Responses of features on earth to EM energy


Reflection (%), transmission (%), and absorption
(%)

Reflection

Absorption

Transmission

Reflection + Transmission + Absorption = 100%

Properties ..

Reflection
- Light ray is redirected as it strikes a
nontransparent surface

Properties ..
Reflection

Properties ..
Transmission

Radiation passes through a substance without


significant attenuation

Transmittance (t):
transmitted radiation
t = --------------------------incident radiation

Properties
Absorption and emission

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/infrared.htm

3. Major Sensor Systems


Aerial photography
Electro-Optical remote sensing
Microwave remote sensing

3 (1) Aerial Photography


Photographic cameras
Uses aerial cameras and film
Mounted on an aircraft
Produces aerial photographs

3 (2) Electro-Optical Remote Sensing


Electro-Optical scanners
Uses light-sensitive detectors
Mounted on spacecrafts or aircrafts
Generates digital images

Buffalo, NY
November 20,
2000

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/Ne
wImages/images.php3?img_id=4396

Biloxi CoastBefore Hurricane


Katrina, April 12, 2005

Biloxi CoastAfter Hurricane


Katrina, August 31, 2005.

http://www.esri.com/news/pressroom/hurricanemaps.html

3 (3) Microwave Remote Sensing


Uses antennas as detectors
Passive microwave systems
Active microwave systems,
RADAR

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect8/Sect8_3.html

http://www.erh.noaa.gov/buf/

4. Operation of Digital Remote Sensing

Moving mirror and pushbroom

Operation ..
Pixel and IFOV
Pixel - picture element
IFOV - Instantaneous
Field of View - The
ground area viewed by
the sensor at a given
instant

Operation ..
Sensors

and detectors
Each sensor system contains a set of detectors,
each set is sensitive to a certain range of
wavelength (band)
Detectors of each band produce a digital image,
which is a matrix consisting of rows and columns
of pixels
The digital number of each pixel measures the
intensity of energy received from the IFOV area
on the ground
Images of several bands result in a composite
image

Operation ..

Green

Red

Near Infrared

NIR

Operation
True

and false color composite images

5. Types of Resolution
Spectral resolution
Radiometric resolution
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution

5(1) Spectral Resolution


The

dimension and the number of specific


wavelength intervals in the EM spectrum to which
a sensor is sensitive to, e.g. B, G, R, NIR bands

Green

Red

Near Infrared

NIR

5(2) Spatial Resolution

A measure of the smallest angular or linear


separation between two objects that can be
revolved by the sensor, 30m, 1m, 1km

10m

20m

40m

80m

5(3) Radiometric Resolution

The sensitivity of a detector to differences in


signal strength as it records the radiant levels
1 bit

2 levels

2 bit

4 levels

4 bit

16 levels

8 bit

256 levels

5(4) Temporal Resolution

How often a given sensor obtains imagery of a


particular area, e.g., 16 days, daily

6. Commonly Used Satellite Image


Data

Moderate resolution land satellites


Landsat
SPOT

Landsat 5, New York


http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gallery.html

6. Commonly Used Satellite Image Data

High resolution land satellites


IKONOS
Orbview
GeoEye
QuickBird

IKONOS images: Washington DC, Hoover Dam, Hollywood

6. Commonly Used Satellite Image


Data ..

Meteorological
satellites
AVHRR
EOS

AVHRR

Sea surface temperature in hurricane


alley. This false color composite image is
made using data taken by AMSR-E on
board EOS, May 2002.

6. Commonly Used Satellite Image


Data ..
Radar

systems
RADARSET
LIDAR

LIDAR
Courtesy of EarthData Technologies

RADARSET

6. Commonly Used Satellite Image


Data ..
Digital

aerial
photographs
DOQQ

LIDAR

Readings

Chapter 8

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