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AP Biology Chapter 36: Digestive Systems & Nutrition

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells for energy and growth. It has three main functions: ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The digestive system varies between organisms, with some having no digestive system, an incomplete digestive sac-like system, or a complete system with a digestive tube and two openings. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas help with digestion.

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187 views24 pages

AP Biology Chapter 36: Digestive Systems & Nutrition

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells for energy and growth. It has three main functions: ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The digestive system varies between organisms, with some having no digestive system, an incomplete digestive sac-like system, or a complete system with a digestive tube and two openings. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas help with digestion.

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derekg608
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AP Biology Chapter 36

Digestive Systems & Nutrition

Food MUST be broken


down into simpler
molecules via
digestion for
catabolism to take
place
Catabolism =
breakdown of organic
molecules to obtain E
for growth & activity
(cell respiration).

Functions of Digestive System


IDAE

Purpose of Digestive System


1. Ingestion
2. Digestion = breakdown of
food into smaller
molecules (so they can
cross the cell membrane).
3. Absorption of these
molecules.
4. Elimination of waste

Digestive System (D.S.)Variations


No D.S. = cells
Incomplete D.S.
Complete D.S.

Variation in Digestive Systems


No digestive system
Cells individually digest food
Intracellular digestion = phagocytosis, vacuole merges w/
lysosome.
Waste removal via exocytosis

http://www2.sluh.org/bioweb/bi100/tutorials/thecell/phago_4.html

Variation in Digestive Systems

Incomplete-one opening for taking in food & eliminating


waste = Digestive sac.
Ex: Flatworms
Recall Ch. 29 . . .flAtworms = Acoelomates= mesoderm tissue
packed inside organisms
EXtracellular digestion=digestion by enzymes in digestive cavity.
INtracellular digestion = Occurs in cells lining digestive cavity.
Nutrientsphagocytosisvacuole fuses w/lysosome
Nutrients diffuse into cytoplasm

Waste enter vacuole & leave via exocytosis

1. Extends pharynx out


of mouth
2. Pharynx sucks food
into digestive cavity
3. Enzymes present in
cavity allow some
EXtracellular
digestion
4. Food digested by cells
of cavity
(INtracellular)
5. Waste exits mouth or
via exocytosis
6. Nutrients distributed
via diffusion

Variation in Digestive Systems


Completetwo openings-mouth & anus. Digestive
tube or Ailmentary Canal. Example: Earthworms &
mammals
Digestion is extracellular

Structure that increases surface


area of D.S.

Types of Digestion
Mechancial
Chemical

Two Types of Digestion


Mechanical Digestion
Breakdown of food by teeth chewing &
stomach churning
Chemical Digestion
Breakdown of food by enzymes & hydrochloric
acid (HCl)
Enzymes:
Proteases (pepsin & trypsin)--digest proteins
Amylases--digest starch
Lipases--digest lipids

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal


Starts in Mouth-INGESTION
MASTICATION-chewed food,
moistened w/ saliva & amylase
(2)=salivary glands- saliva &
amylase (starch digestion)
(3)=tongue -helps form bolus;
pushes boluspharynx

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal


(4)=epiglottis- covers trachea
(5)= esophagus = long tube;
site of peristalsis =involuntary
muscle contractions
Bolus moves through
esophagus via peristalsis

PERISTALSIS

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal


Bolus cardiac sphincter(6) stomach
Cardiac Sphincter - controls passage of bolus
stomach
Failure of cardiac sphincter = heartburn=acid reflux;
can lead to esophageal cancer.
HCl, pepsin, & mucous produced by special cells in
stomach
HCl pH to activate pepsin, denature protein, & kill
bacteria
Mucous lines stomach to prevent ulcers
Smooth muscles contract (mechanical) stirs up bolus
w/mucous, HCl, & enzymes-turns bolus into liquefied
blob = chyme

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal

Peristalsis move chyme out of stomachpyloric


sphincter duodenum
Most DIGESTION takes place in DUODENUM
Acidic chyme in duodenum stimulates release of
hormone from (9)=pancreas to release bicarbonate to
pH of chyme & liver to secrete bile (to gallbladder)
After pH of chyme, the following are released:
1. Bile (from gallbladder)
2. Pancreatic juices:
Amylase: digests carbohydrates
Lipases: digest lipids

-Protease (trypsin): digests proteins


-Nucleases: digest nucleic acids

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal


(10)=Duodenum(11)=Jejunu
m(12)=Ileum
Jejunum & ileum responsible for
ABSORPTION of nutrients into
bloodstream
Jejunum & ileum lined w/villi &
microvilli to surface area of
intestines for absorption
Absorbed nutrientshepatic
portal veinliver
Liver processes nutrients &
detoxifies chemicals
Ex: Glucose glycogen

A Trip Down the Alimentary Canal


Undigested food & water moves, via
peristalsis, from ileumileocecal valve
(prevents backflow)(13-17)=large
intestine, (aka colon)
The material passes through
(14)=ascending colon (15)=transverse
colon(16)=descending colon
As material moves, colon reabsorbs H2O.
Waste very firm once it reaches
(17)=sigmoid colon
Lowermost segment of large intestine
(18)=rectum.
Rectum stores firm waste prior to
ELIMINATION
The (19)=anal sphincter prevents
ELIMINATION until one is ready

Accessory Organs
Salivary glandsproduces mucous &
amylase
Epiglottis-covers
trachea, permits
bolus to enter
esophagus

ACCESSORY ORGANS
Liver- produces
bile, processes
nutrients,
detoxifies
chemicals
Gall bladderstores & releases
bile

Accessory Organs
Pancreas Exocrine functionsproduces & releases via
duct HCO3-(bicarbonate) &
enzymes
Endocrine functionsproduces & releases insulin
& glucagon to regulate
blood sugar (negative
feedback)

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