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Lecture 2 - Homeostasis

The document discusses the organization of the human body and homeostasis. It describes the body's organization from the chemical and cellular levels all the way up to the organism level. Key points include that the body is made of cells that differentiate and combine into four primary tissue types that further organize into organs and eleven body systems. Homeostasis is then introduced as the maintenance of stable internal conditions through control systems that use negative feedback to oppose changes and restore balance.

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Andre Luis Costa
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
187 views

Lecture 2 - Homeostasis

The document discusses the organization of the human body and homeostasis. It describes the body's organization from the chemical and cellular levels all the way up to the organism level. Key points include that the body is made of cells that differentiate and combine into four primary tissue types that further organize into organs and eleven body systems. Homeostasis is then introduced as the maintenance of stable internal conditions through control systems that use negative feedback to oppose changes and restore balance.

Uploaded by

Andre Luis Costa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Organization of the Human Body

&
Homeostasis

Organization of the Human Body

What is Physiology?
Physiology: The study of how the body functions
How do we explain events that happen in the body?
1. Teleological approach (WHY)
Explains function in terms of meeting a bodily need
Why do I shiver when Im cold? To help warm up
2. Mechanistic approach (HOW)
Explains function in terms of sequences of physical and chemical
processes
Why do I shiver when Im cold?
Temperature-sensitive nerve cells detect a fall in
temperaturethen signal to the brainetc

Physiology = Mechanistic

Organization of the Human Body


Chemical level

Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Body system level
Organism level

Organization of the Human Body


Chemical level:
Atoms
(Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen = 96% of body)

Molecules
(ex. Proteins, Fats, CHO, and nucleic acids)

Organization of the Human Body


Cellular level:
Cells
The basic unit of structure and function in the body

The smallest unit capable of carrying out the


processes associated with life
Are all cells the same?

Organization of the Human Body


Cell differentiation:
division
division
division, etc, etc

The body is made of many types of cells, each with a


specialized function
ex. - Eliminating CO2, and wastes
As in kidney function
- Synthesizing proteins
As in gland cells of the digestive system
- Reproducing (for most cells, not all)

Organization of the Human Body


Tissue level:
Cells of similar structure and specialized function
combine to form tissues
4 primary tissues types
1. Muscle tissue
2. Nervous tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
4. Connective tissue

Organization of the Human Body


Tissue level:
1. Muscle tissue
Consists of cells specialized for contracting and
generating force
Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth (liso)muscle.

2. Nervous tissue
Consists of cells specialized for initiating and
transmitting electrical impulses
Found in the brain spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Organization of the Human Body


Tissue level:
3. Epithelial tissue - GLANDS
Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials
between the cell and its environment.
Epithelial sheets and secretory glands.
(Skin)
(Exocrine and endocrine
glands)

4. Connective tissue
Connects, supports and anchors various body parts
Loose connective tissue, tendons, bone, blood

Organization of the Human Body


Organ level:
Organs consist of two or more types of primary tissue
organized to perform a particular function or functions.
Ex. Stomach: contain 4 tissues types
Lined with protective epithelial tissue
Epithelial gland cells also secrete digestive juices
Smooth muscle tissue lines the stomach wall and
mixes the ingested food when it contracts
Nervous tissue controls the contractions
Connective tissue binds everything together

Organization of the Human Body


Body system level:
The body has 11 systems that are essential for survival.
Each system is a collection of organs that perform
related functions
Ex. Digestive system:
Consists of organs that cooperate to break down
food
ie, mouth, salivary glands, throat, esophagus,
stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, intestines

Body systems:

Body systems:

Organization of the Human Body


Organism level:
Consists of various body systems structurally and
functionally linked.
E.g. blood pressure regulation.
Depends on circulatory, urinary, nervous, and
endocrine systems

Blood
Pressure

Vessel
diameter

Homeostasis

Homeostasis
Defined as maintenance of a relatively stable
internal environment
Does not mean that composition, temperature, and
other characteristics are absolutely unchanging
The body is in a constant state of dynamic equilibrium
Example: Body temperature
38oC

37oC

36oC

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is essential for survival and
function of all cells.
Each cells contributes to maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment.

Homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Systems


In order to maintain homeostasis, control
system must be able to
Detect deviations from normal in the internal
environment that need to be held within narrow
limits
Integrate this information with other relevant
information
Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore
factor to its desired value

Homeostatic Control Systems


1. Negative feedback system
Primary type of homeostatic control
Opposes initial change
Components
Sensor
- Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable

Control centre
- Compares sensors input with a set point

Effector
- Makes a response to produce a desired effect

Negative Feedback

Negative feedback
Body Temperature
Fig. 1.12

Homeostatic Control Systems


2. Positive feedback system
Amplifies an initial change
Do not occur as often as negative feedback system
Example:
Uterine contractions become increasingly stronger until
the birth of the baby

Positive
Feedback

Types of Feedback
Negative
A process where the body senses changes and actives
processes that negate or reverse it.
Body temperature, blood sugar, etc.

Positive
Self amplifying cycle in which physiological changes
lead to even greater changes in the same direction.
Rapid change

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