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The Number System

The document provides an overview of different types of numbers including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers and complex numbers. It explains the key properties and examples of each type of number and how they relate to each other in the number system.

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CY
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71 views15 pages

The Number System

The document provides an overview of different types of numbers including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers and complex numbers. It explains the key properties and examples of each type of number and how they relate to each other in the number system.

Uploaded by

CY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

The Number System

01/11/15

The Number System

zero

Natural Numbers

N = {1, 2, 3, }

{0}

Whole Numbers

Negative Integers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, } { -1, -2, -3, }


Integers

Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,

Fractions
} eg, 12 , 85 , 173 ,...

Rational
Numbers
a

Irrational Numbers

Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0}
b

Real Numbers Imaginary numbers

01/11/15

Complex numbers2

The Number System

The number system has


developed as a result of
human activities and needs.

01/11/15

The Number System

Natural Numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, }

Big Numbers

The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number.


For example, 5 + 12 = 17
The product of two natural numbers is a natural number.
For example, 4 7 = 28
The set N is closed under the addition and multiplication.
If a N, b N,
then
and

(a + b) N,
(a b) N.

But N is not closed under subtraction and division.


01/11/15

The Number System

Natural Numbers

zero

N = {1, 2, 3, }

{0}
Negative Integers

Whole Numbers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, }

{ -1, -2, -3, }

Integers
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }

01/11/15

The Number System

Integers
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
Z is closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication.
If a Z, b Z,
then
and

(a+b) Z,
(a-b) Z,
(ab) Z.

Verify these using


specific examples.

But Z is not closed under division.


01/11/15

The Number System

zero

Natural Numbers

{0}

N = {1, 2, 3, }

Whole Numbers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, }

Negative Integers

{ -1, -2, -3, }

Integers
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }

Fractions
eg, 1 , 5 , 17 ,...
2

8 3

Rational Numbers
a
Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0 }
b

01/11/15

The Number System

Rational Numbers
a
Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0}
b

The set of rational numbers is closed under


addition, subtraction, multiplication & division
except division by 0.
Verify these using
If x Q, y Q, then
and

specific examples.

(x+y) Q,
(x-y) Q,
(xy) Q,
(xy) Q, except when y = 0.

What happens when an integer is divided by 0?


01/11/15

The Number System

Are all numbers rational numbers?


a
Can all numbers be expressed in the form
b
where a and b are integers?
The answer is No.
A lot of numbers cannot be expressed as
a quotient of two integers.
These are irrational numbers.
Examples of irrational numbers include surds, , e,
Surds are roots that
cannot be expressed
2 , 3 , 5 ,...
as exact numbers or
fractions. The Number System
01/11/15

Natural Numbers

N = {1, 2, 3, }

zero

{0}

Whole Numbers

Negative Integers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, } { -1, -2, -3, }

Fractions
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } eg, 1 , 5 , 17 ,...
Integers

8 3

Rational Numbers
Irrational
a
Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0} Numbers

Real Numbers R
01/11/15

The Number System

10

The set of real numbers consists of


rational numbers and irrational numbers.
On the number line,
each point represents a real number.
1

2
60
2

-4
-3 -2
3

01/11/15

-1

1 2 2

25
6

4
5

The Number System

11

Rational numbers
When a rational number is expressed in decimal form,
the decimal number
either (i) terminates after a fixed number of places,
or (ii) recurs.

Example:

Examples:

0.333... 0.3
3

1
0.125
8

5
0.185185... 0.1 85
27

Irrational numbers
Infinite decimals that do not have any pattern
in their digits.
How about ? 2 ?
01/11/15

The Number System

12

Do the real numbers satisfy all our needs?

Consider the equation x2 + 4 = 0.


Solving it gives:

x2 = - 4

or

x=

But there isnt any real number that


when multiplied by itself give a negative product.
So this is a new kind of number,
called imaginary number.
01/11/15

The Number System

13

zero

Natural Numbers

N = {1, 2, 3, }

{0}

Whole Numbers

Negative Integers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, } { -1, -2, -3, }


Integers

Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,

Fractions
} eg, 12 , 85 , 173 ,...

Rational
Numbers
a

Irrational Numbers

Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0}
b

Real Numbers R Imaginary numbers

01/11/15

Complex numbers14 C

The Number System

That was a simple overview of the number system.


There are many other kinds of numbers,
or subsets of these sets, that are of interest
in mathematics.
Find out about:
odd & even numbers

prime numbers

transcendental numbers

transfinite numbers

triangular numbers

perfect numbers

And many more


01/11/15

Have a good time


The
Number System
searching
for information! 15

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