NON DESTRUCTIVE

TESTING

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

INTRODUCITON

NDT TECHNIQUES

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

INTRODUCTION
NDT is a noninvasive method
and the testing which is carried out
without impairing further usefulness of
the materials
components and
structures.

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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

TYPES
LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
ULTRASONIC TESTING

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

PRINCIPLE
PROPERTIES OF PENETRANT
TESTING PROCEDURE

APPLICATIONS
MERITS AND DEMERITS

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

PRINCIPLE
Highly coloured organic dye liquid

which is also surface active in nature (

called Penetrant) is applied on to the
clean surface of the component and
allowed sufficient time for penetration
into discontinuities.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

The excess Penetrant on the surface is
removed and a developer, which is
highly absorptive in nature, is applied.
The developer absorbs the Penetrant
from the discontinuities and makes the
crack visible.
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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

PROPERTIES OF PENETRANT
The penetrant (die) should have the
ability to wet the surface.
Therefore the contact angle of the
liquid should be very low .
Commercial penetrants have contact
angles between 0 - 5 deg.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

And the penetrant should have the
property to rise in the capillary or enter
into the openings.
The Capillarity depends on surface
tension.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

Also, the speed of penetration is
determined by viscosity ().
Therefore, a good penetrant should
have low contact angle, high surface
tension and low viscosity.

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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

TESTING PROCEDURE

Application of the penetrant either by

Spraying, dipping or pouring.

A thin layer of penetrant is allowed to

be present on the surface to be
inspected for a specified time called
dwell time.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

The excess surface penetrant on the

surface is carefully removed without
affecting the penetrant that is residing
in the discontinuity.

A developer is sprayed on the surface

in order to bring back the penetrant
from the discontinuity to the surface.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

Therefore, an visible indication of the

crack on the surface is produced, and
this process is called developing.

Now the discontinuity has more than

threshold visibility so that inspection
is carried out.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

Procedure of LP testing

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

Visibility of a crack in LP tested specimen

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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

APPLICATIONS

Used in metals (ferrous and non

ferrous) , and non metals (rubber,
plastic etc).

All types of defects (Cracks, Porosity

and Shrinkage) open to the surface
can be detected.
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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

MERITS AND DEMERITS
The sensitivity of LP test is equal or
better than Magnetic Particle testing.
Better than Radiographic testing for
surface discontinuities.

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

Applicable To Magnetic as well as Non
Magnetic Materials.
Detect only Surface Discontinuities.

Cannot Be Used for Porous Materials.

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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

PROPERTIES OF X-Rays AND -Rays

PRINCIPLE OF X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY

QUALITY OF IMAGE

APPLICATIONS

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
PROPERTIES OF X-Rays AND -Rays

They are electromagnetic radiations.

These radiations are capable of

ionizing the matter and this leads to
photographic effect in photographic
films.

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

X-rays and -rays are capable of

exciting electrons in the atom and this
leads to fluorescence, emission of
light.

Excitation
and
ionization
are
responsible for recording the image.

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
The intensity of the radiation reduces
as it penetrates the matter.
Intensity at any distance ( I ) = Io e-t
Where,
Io
- the original intensity

- the linear absorption coefficient

t
- thickness of the sample
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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
PRINCIPLE
X-rays and -rays are
penetrate the material.

allowed

to

They are deferentially absorbed as per

the variation in the material.

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
As a result, different intensities are
coming out of the specimen carrying
information about the variations.
This varying intensities are allowed to
form
a
shadow
image
on
a
photographic plate.

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
The image on the photographic plate
(Film
radiography)
or
on
the
fluorescent
screen
(Fluoroscopy)
reveals the defect in the material.
The image on the photographic film is
negative image and that on the
fluorescent screen is positive image.

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Radiograph
Film
Defect (Porosity)

Source

Specimen

Schematic of Radiographic testing

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

ARRANGEMENT FOR RADIOGRAPHING A WELDED JOINT

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

X-ray Radiography of a weld

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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
QUALITY OF IMAGE
Quality of the image depends upon :

i) RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
ii) RADIOGRAPHIC DEFINITION

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Radiographic Contrast is the degree of
density difference between adjacent
areas on a radiograph.
X-rays

X-rays

Specimen

High Contrast Radiograph

Low contrast Radiograph

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Radiographic Contrast depends on:
Energy of radiation (i.e. Lower the energy
better the contrast)
Amount of scattering radiation (i.e. Minimum
the scattering better the contrast )
Type of film (i.e finer the grain size better the
contrast)
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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Radiographic definition is the abruptness of
change in going from one density to another
density change at the boundary.
X-rays

X-rays

Specimen

High definition Radiograph

Low definition Radiograph

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Radiographic definition depends on:
Size of the light source (F)

Distance between object

and source(Do)
Distance between object
and film (t)

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

Lesser the size of the light source (figure A)

more the sharpness
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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

Larger the object to source distance (figure A)

more the sharpness
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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

Lesser the object to film distance (figure A)

more the sharpness
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RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
APPLICATIONS

Examination of welded products

Inspection of castings, forgings

Measurement of stock, moving

fast as 10 m per sec

Inspection
of
materials, etc

cracks,

as

foreign
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ULTRASONIC TESTING
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
ULTRASONIC PROBES
CALIBRATION
TESTING PROCEDURE

ULTRASONIC TESTING
INTRODUCTION
Ultrasonic inspection is a technique
which uses ultrasonic waves for
testing.

Ultrasonic waves are sound waves with

frequencies higher than audible range.
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ULTRASONIC TESTING
PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
Ultrasonic waves travel only in
compressive (longitudinal) mode in
fluid medium.
But in solids it can travel both
compressive and shear (transverse)
modes.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
The velocities of the compressive and
shear modes are different (i.e. Velocity
of transverse wave is lesser than
longitudinal wave)
The mode of transmission of ultrasonic
waves in a medium depends on the
angle of incidence.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
If the sound waves makes a
perpendicular incidence to the surface
of the medium it travels only in
compressive mode within the medium
without any deviation.
If it makes an inclined incidence to the
surface of the medium then it splits
into
two
components such
as
compressive mode and shear mode.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
The Compressive
and Shear mode of
propagation in the
second
medium
due to inclined
incidence.

L Longitudinal waves(Compressive)
T Transverse waves(Shear)

ULTRASONIC TESTING
The waves in the second medium
(refracted waves) obeys the Snell's law.
i.e.

sin a v1

sin b v2

Where,

a = angle of incidence
b = angle of refraction
v1 = sound velocity in medium 1
v2 = sound velocity in medium 2

ULTRASONIC TESTING
First critical angle is the incidence angle
() corresponding to the elimination of the
compressive mode wave propagation in
the second medium ( i.e. when L is equal
to 90)

ULTRASONIC TESTING

Interaction effect of sound waves with the

material is stronger
frequency is used.

when

higher

But

at very
high frequencies
attenuation of sound waves is more.

the

Therefore frequencies between 0.5 MHz 20 MHz are used for ultrasonic testing.
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ULTRASONIC TESTING
ULTRASONIC PROBES
The transmitters and receivers
ultrasonics are called probes
transducers.

of
or

These probes are made out of Piezoelectric materials such as Barium

titanate or Lead Zirconate.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
If the transmitter and the receiver both
present in a single probe then it is
called transceiver.
The normal probe and the angle probe
are the two types of the probes used
for Ultrasonic testing.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Normal probe is designed to transmit a
compressive wave into the test material
at right angles to the material surface.

This probe is the simplest probe which

can be used for thickness gauging or
detect parallel defects (parallel to the
test surface) present below
the
surface.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Housing
Socket
Damping
Block

Crystal

Protecting face

Schematic of a Normal Probe

ULTRASONIC TESTING

THE SPECIMEN IS TESTED USING A NORMAL PROB

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Angle probes are designed to transmit
shear waves or Rayleigh waves into the
test material.

The general construction of an angle

probe is similar to that of a normal
probe with the crystal embedded in a
shaped Perspex block and used for
detecting perpendicular defects.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Housing

Damping
Blocks
Socket

Protecting face

Schematic of a Angle Probe

Crystal

ULTRASONIC TESTING

Transmitter

Receiver

THE SPECIMEN IS TESTED USING A ANGLE PROB

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ULTRASONIC TESTING
CALIBRATION
The display unit of the UT machine
should be calibrated for required
distance before using for testing
specimens.
Calibration is carried out using an IIW
Calibration Block.

ULTRASONIC TESTING

(a)

Calibration block

(b)

a) THE IIW A2 CALIBRATION BLOCK

b) THE DIMENSIONS OF THE IIW A2 BLOCK
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ULTRASONIC TESTING
TESTING PROCEDURE
The ultrasonic waves are produced by
probes by means of inverse Piezo
electric effect.
Inverse piezoelectric effect is defined
as the strain produced on materials due
to the application of electric field.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
This Ultrasonic waves are transmitted
to the test specimen through a
couplant usually water or oil.
The transmitted waves are received
back using the same probe or with
another one called receiving probe.

ULTRASONIC TESTING

SCHEMATIC OF ULTRASONIC TESITNG

ULTRASONIC TESTING
The received signals are usually
monitored using a Display unit called
Cathode Ray Tube(CRT).
The most commonly used system for
test report is the A scan display.

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Defect

THE A SCAN DISPLAY SYSTEM

ULTRASONIC TESTING

Animation
on
ultrasonic
Testing