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Compaction: Methods of Compaction 1. Static Weight 2. Impact 3. Vibration 4. Manipulation or Kneading 5. Percolation

The document discusses compaction methods, consolidation processes, and mass haul diagrams used in construction. It describes static weight, impact, vibration, and manipulation as compaction methods. Primary and secondary consolidation are explained as resulting from water expulsion and soil grain rearrangement over time. Mass haul diagrams are defined as representing cumulative earthwork volumes along profiles, with cut and fill volumes plotted. Construction includes clearing vegetation, removing stumps, and verifying utility locations before earthwork.

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RajanRanjan
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51 views

Compaction: Methods of Compaction 1. Static Weight 2. Impact 3. Vibration 4. Manipulation or Kneading 5. Percolation

The document discusses compaction methods, consolidation processes, and mass haul diagrams used in construction. It describes static weight, impact, vibration, and manipulation as compaction methods. Primary and secondary consolidation are explained as resulting from water expulsion and soil grain rearrangement over time. Mass haul diagrams are defined as representing cumulative earthwork volumes along profiles, with cut and fill volumes plotted. Construction includes clearing vegetation, removing stumps, and verifying utility locations before earthwork.

Uploaded by

RajanRanjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Compaction

Methods of Compaction
1. Static weight
2. Impact
3. Vibration
4. Manipulation or kneading
5. Percolation

Consolidation

Primary consolidation results from the expulsion or extrusion of


water from the voids in fine-grained soil
Causes settlement in structures and embankments over a period of
time

Methods of accelerating consolidation include placing a surcharge and/or


installing sand columns or wick drains

Secondary consolidation is the rearrangement of cohesive soil grains

Construction Methods & Management


CIEG 486-010

Mass Haul Diagrams


diagrammatic representation of earthwork volumes along a linear
profile
horizontal stationing is plotted along the X-axis
net earthwork values are plotted along the Y-axis

Construction Methods & Management


CIEG 486-010
Mass Haul Diagrams
An Earthwork Profile is a plot of the net earthwork along a roadway
or airstrip
Net cut values are plotted above the X-axis (positive Y value)
Net fill values are plotted below the X-axis (negative Y value)
Presents a picture of the earthwork requirements

Construction Methods & Management


CIEG 486-010

Mass Haul Diagrams


A Mass Haul Diagram is a continuous curve representing the
cumulative volume of earthwork along the linear profile of a
roadway or airfield
the vertical coordinate is a plot of the cumulative earthwork from
the origin to that point

Construction Methods & Management


CIEG 486-010
Mass Haul Diagrams
upward sloping curves indicate (rising left to right) indicate a cut
downward sloping (falling left to right) curves occur in a fill section
peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and valleys occur when the
earthwork changes from fill to cut

Construction Methods & Management


CIEG 486-010

Mass Haul Diagrams


The accumulated volume of earthwork at the horizontal axis (Y=0) is 0
When a horizontal line intersects two or more points along the curve, the
accumulated volumes at those points are equal
A negative value at the end of the curve indicates that borrow is required
to complete the fill
A positive value at the end of the curve indicates that a waste operation
will be the net result

Mass Haul Diagrams


To construct the Mass Haul Diagram manually:

Compute the net earthwork values for each station, applying the
appropriate shrink factor
Net cuts have a positive value, net fills have a negative value
The value at the first station (origin) = 0
Plot the value of each succeeding station which equals the
cumulative value to that point, i.e., the value at i = net cut/filla+b+c+i

Mass Haul Diagram

Mass Haul Diagrams


To construct & analyze the Mass Haul Diagram
manually:
Identify the the resulting balanced sections, which are bounded by points
that intersect the X-axis
Draw a horizontal line midway between the peak or valley and the X-axis.
The scale length of that line is the average length of haul within that
balanced section
Determine earthwork volumes within each balanced section
Determine whether there is an overall balance, waste or if borrow is
required

Earthwork
Clearing & Grubbing
removal of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation
removing stumps and root mat at least 2 (600mm) below subgrade
less removal required for embankment heights > 5
topsoil striping
muck excavation

Earthwork
Prior to starting any earthwork:
verify location of underground utilities through Miss Utility or local onecall system
check for utilities not included in one-call system
dig test pits to confirm actual locations

note location of aerial utilities for equipment and truck clearances


confirm that all applicable permits and approvals have been secured

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