Dynamics of

Development
The Philippine Perspective

Development
Right

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GOAL

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ECONOMIC
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Development
Total process which includes economic, political,
social and cultural aspects
Political: A process which prepares people for participation
in political affairs, especially as citizens of a democratic
country.
Social and Cultural: Helps people to lead fuller and richer
lives, less bound by traditions.

U. Thant:
Economic
Growth

Social
Change

Development

Typologies of Development
Underdeveloped societies
Developing societies
Developed societies

Three Worlds

North and South

North
Develop, advanced, industrial countries
i.e. US, Canada, Western Europe, Soviet Union and some Eastern
European countries

South
Developing countries with its variants of the middle developing
countries and the least developed
i.e. US-Africa, Asia with exception of Japan, the socialist countries
of China, and Yugoslavia

Newly Industrialized Countries

a country whose level of economic development
ranks it somewhere between the developing
and first-world classifications
moved away from an farm-based economy to
full industrialization
i.e. Dragons of Asia

Factors influencing Development

Environment
Physical
Sociocultural

Population
Ideas
Technology
Events
Collective Action

Theoretical Approaches to the Study of

Development
I.

Evolutionary Theories

II. Structural-Functionalism
III. Economic Theories
IV. Ecological Theories
V. Conflict Theories
VI. Theory of Dependency: The Development of
Underdevelopment

Evolutionary Theories

Theory of Social Change

ARCHAIC/ PRIMITIVE
SOCIETY
COLLECTIVE
REPRESENTATIONS

INDUSTRIALIZATION
URBANIZATION

SOCIALIZED INDIVIDUAL

ADVANCED/ COMPLEX
SOCIETIES
CONTRACTUAL CIVIL
AND ADMINISTRATIVE
LAW

LITTLE DIVISION OF
LABOR

INCREASING DIVISION
OF LABOR

MECHANICAL
SOLIDARITY

ANOMIE
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY

We must seek in the past the germs of

new life which it contained and hasten
their development.
Emile Durkheim (1964: 391)

Folk urban Continuum

A construct of two ideal polar types with the folk society
on one end and the urban modern society on the other

Structural Functionalism

Structural Functionalism
Within the social system is a complex integrated,
mutually interrelated, and functionally interdependent
parts.
Aims for order, stability, and equilibrium in society

The ideas of Talcott parsons

If the system is to constitute a persistent order or to
undergo an orderly process of developmental change:
The social system must be so structured that it is compatible
with the conditions of the functions of its members and be
integrated with the cultural system
The social system must have the support of the other system
The component members must be sufficiently motivated to meet
its minimum needs like nutrition and public safety
The social system must be able to control disruptive behavior or
deviant behavior.
The social system must have minimum conditions of stability or
orderly behavior to withstand deviance and conflict.

Robert M ertons View s on Functional

Analysis
Functions observed consequence which make for the
adaptation or adjustment of a given system, and
dysfunctions as those observed consequences which
lessen the adaptation or adjustment of the system

Economic Theories

Economic theories
Gunnar Myrdal
Output and Incomes
Levels of Productivity
Levels of Living
Attitudes and Institutions
Rationality

Economic theories
Watt W. Rostows Stages of Economic Growth
The Traditional Society
The Pre-conditions for Takeoff
The Takeoff
The Drive to Maturity
The Age of High Mass Consumption

Ecological Theories

Hawleys Theory of Human Ecology

Focuses on adaptations in social life as shown in a population
that maintains itself within the limits imposed by the
environment
Two types of relationships: Symbiosis and Commensalism
Classification of communities: Independent and Dependent
Three Patterns of Change: Expansion, Conversion and
Contraction

Ecological processes have far-reaching implications for

development.

Odums Theory of Human Ecology

Mankind is a part of the complex biogeochemical
cycles and has the power to alter these cycles.
Relationship between human and nature strategy of
maximum protection often conflicts with humans goal
of maximum production

Odums Theory of Human Ecology

Certain reforms and procedures in order to implement
this idea of ecosystem management:
A firm commitment and enforcement of family planning, birth
control and abortion
Regional land
Reorientation of tax procedures to lessen growth stimulant
Effective implementation of law and medicine on environmental
and consumer protection
Agreement on definition of optimum population and how this can
be attained
Cost analysis for whole product cycles

Odums Theory of Human Ecology

Certain reforms and procedures in order to implement this
idea of ecosystem management:
Development of a spaceship economy with emphasis on the quality
of the capital stock and human resources
Recycle and strict conservation of water and all mineral and
biological resources
A by-product approach and management for waste disposal
Consideration of a total political concern for the urban rural
complex as one system
Emphasis on the modelling of long term solution to grave problems
Emphasis on ecosystem ecology from grade school to the university.

Conflict Theories

Without conflict there is no progress.

This is the law which civilization Has
followed to the present day.
Karl Marx

Theory of Social Changes

Society in a constant flux of change
Structure of Society determined by economic
organization particularly the ownership of property
Economic institutions dominant and relatively
autonomous

All human history is a conflict between opposing social

classes and this will only end later in a revolutionary
reconstruction of society or common deconstruction of the
contending classes

The Ideas of Lenin

Imperialism as the role of finance capital
Basic features:
Monopolistic control of production and capital
The creation of finance capital by a financial oligarchy as a
result of the merger of bank capital and industrial capital
Export of capital
Formation of international capitalist monopolies
Completion of the territorial division of the world as a whole
among the greatest capital powers

Theory of Dependency: The

Development of
Underdevelopment

Theory of Dependency: The Development

of Underdevelopment
Rejects the idea that economic development passes
through stages with the underdeveloped countries in an
original stage of history through which the developed
countries passed through sometime in the past.

Indicators
Economic and Social

economic and social indicators

Production
Gross National Product
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Value Added in Agriculture, Fishery and Foresty
Gross Value Added in Industry
Gross Value Added in Services
Gross Regional Domestic Product

economic and social indicators

Finance
Investment-Saving Gap
Revenue Effort
Domestic Liquidity
Inflation Rate
Net Foreign Capital Inflow
Balance of Payments
Level and Growth Rates of Gross International Reserves
Outstanding External Debt

economic and social indicators

Foreign Trade
Export and Import Levels and Trade Balance
Terms of Trade Index
Distribution of Exports and Imports by Major Market
Export Structure
Import Structure

Natural Resources
Mineral Production Index
Ratio of Total Irrigated Area to Total Potential Irrigable Land
Share of Forest and Non-Forest to Total Land Area
Volume of Log Production Index
Ratio of Total Area Reforested to Total Area Deforested

economic and social indicators

Energy Resource
Distribution of Total Energy Consumption
Total Oil Consumption
Oil Dependency Ratio
Non-Oil Energy Consumption by Type
Ratio of Imported Energy to Total Energy Consumption
Domestic Crude Oil Extraction
Crude Oil Importation
Total Investment in Energy Resource Development

Economic and Social Indicators

Employment
Labor Force Participation Rate
Employment Rate
Distribution of Employment by Type of Industry
Open Underemployment Rate
Overseas Placements and Foreign Exchange Generated Whether Land-based
or Sea-based
Coverage of Social Security and Similar Welfare Benefits
Total Number of Actual Labor Strikes Declared
Number of Existing Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining Agreements
Labor Cases Handled: Number and Percent Settled/ Decided by Status/ Type
of Cases
Injury-Frequency Rate and Injury-Severity Rate

Economic and Social Indicators

Household Income, Expenditures and Prices
Distribution of Total Annual Family Income by Decile and Gini
Ratio
Distribution of Total Annual Family Income by Region
Regional Average Family Income Index
Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income
Total and Per Capita Personal Income
Personal Savings and Ratio to Total Personal Income
Consumer Price Index
Purchasing Power of the Peso

Economic and Social Indicators

Population
Health and Nutrition
Housing
Education
Social Welfare and Community Development
Public Order, Security and Justice

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
JAPAN-ASIAs
INDUSTRIAL GIANT
One of the worlds
fastest growing
economy
10years after World
War II, they were able
to rebuild their
economy
In less than 25 years
one of the greatest
economic miracles

JAPAN-ASIAs INDUSTRIAL GIANT

Total land area: 145, 584 sq. m.
Honshu contains about 60% of the land area and most
of the important cities and major industrial areas (Tokyo,
Yokohama, Kyoto, Osaka)
Climate: four distinct seasons
Environment

natural landscape beautiful but not very productive

Mountainous
Land of volcanoes
Rich fishing grounds
Poor in mineral resources

CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE
DEVELOPMENT
Development with own resources
Traditional setting
The role of the government
Inflationary setting
Trade

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY
JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT
High savings and investment rate
Superior education and training
Adequate capitalization, that is, no need to borrow
heavily for working capital or expansion
Technological capabilities competitive with those of the
West
Economically and patriotically advancement-oriented,
achievement-oriented, work-oriented, deferred
gratification, loyal enthusiastic employees

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY
JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT
High morale and commitment to economic growth and to
surpassing the West - by the government, by management,
by labor and by the general public
Willingness to make the necessary adjustments and/or
sacrifices
Excellent management of the economy by the government
and by business
Adequate access to most world resource and markets
Relatively few or weak pressure to divert major resources to
low economic productivity uses such as welfare and military
expenditures

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Rapid industrial and
economic growth has
seen the Republic
reach developed
nation status in a short
time.
1987: new era of
democratic
development
1988: successful
hosting of Summer
Olympics

REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Peninsula, located in Northeast Asia
Total land area: 99, 221 sq. km.
Environment
70% mountainous
Oceans surround the peninsula

Climate
Within the temperate zone
Four distinct seasons

REPUBLIC OF KOREA
1962: First Five-Year Economic Development Plan
Agriculture: decreased; Manufacturing and Service:
increased
Inflation was maintained down in single digits
Policy directions:
Economic Revitalization Package of April 4
The Anti-Real Estate Speculation Package
Stabilization Policies

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
TAIWAN
Modern day marvel
progress: farm-based
countries to newlyindustrialized countries
Total land area: 35,
988 sq. km.

Republic of China
Natural resources
Rich limestone mines
Principal mineral deposits: gold, copper, petroleum, natural gas,
coal, marble and sand
Plant types: diverse and abundant

Political System: constitutional democracy

 Total land area:

approx. 300, 000
sq. km.
Coastline: 34, 600
km.
Environment:
varied topography
Highlands,
valleys,
volcanic
landforms,
Climate: dry and
wet seasons

The
Philip
pine
EXPE
RIEN
CE

Determinants of demographic trends

Population Growth:
the Philippine population is one of the fastest growing in the
world. It is the thirteenth most populous country in the world and
the eighth in Asia. In territorial size, the Philippines ranks 56 th in
the world and 13th in Asia. The Philippines contains 1% of the
worlds population and 1.8% of Asias population.
1948-1960 3.06% increase
The decline was associated with combined effects of
modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and the rising
standard of living.

Determinants of demographic trends

Components of Population Change:
Fertility
Mortality
Migration

Population Structure: Age and Sex Composition

Development Issues
Natural Resources
Health
Education
Income distribution
Age, Sex, Family, Occupational rank, Education and occupation

Housing

The PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE

The PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE

The PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE

The PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE