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Droplet Vaporization and Combustion: C Res

The document discusses the vaporization and combustion of liquid fuel droplets. It provides equations to model the vaporization process and determine the vaporization rate of a fuel droplet. The equations relate the fuel mass fraction and temperature at the droplet surface to the ambient conditions using transfer numbers. Solving the equations provides the vaporization rate and regression rate of the droplet over time.

Uploaded by

Jitesh Rane
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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79 views19 pages

Droplet Vaporization and Combustion: C Res

The document discusses the vaporization and combustion of liquid fuel droplets. It provides equations to model the vaporization process and determine the vaporization rate of a fuel droplet. The equations relate the fuel mass fraction and temperature at the droplet surface to the ambient conditions using transfer numbers. Solving the equations provides the vaporization rate and regression rate of the droplet over time.

Uploaded by

Jitesh Rane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Droplet Vaporization and

Combustion
Liquid rocket combustion chambers
are sized in order to ensure complete
vaporization, mixing, and combustion
of the propellants. Vaporization is
usually the slowest of these three
processes.
Vc 0
t

res
A residence time canmbe defined

Typically, 1 ms < t

< 40 ms

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion
Combustion chambers are sometimes
sized using a, characteristic chamber
length.

L* VC / A *

Good values for L* have been


determined via years of experience for
different combinations of propellants.

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion
Consider (following Spalding, as told by Kuo)
a spherical fuel droplet vaporizing in a
quiescent environment. Fuel mass and
energy conservation in the gas phase
surrounding the
droplet
dY
d give
dYF
2
2
F
r v
r DFA

dr
dr
dr
dT d 2 dT
r vCP
r

dr dr
dr
2

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion
The first derives from Fickes law of diffusion,
assuming quasi-steady state.

m F m YF DFA
Total
mass flux
of fuel
vapor

Mass flux
of fuel
vapor by
bulk
motion

dYF
2
4r
dr

Mass flux of
fuel vapor by
diffusion

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Now at the surface of the droplet

from which

dYF
s vs s vsYF s DFA

dr

dYF
DFA

dr
vs
YFs 1

and defining

YF
b
YFs 1

finally
db
vs DFA

dr

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Now substituting for YF in our first


equation r 2 v db d r 2 D db
dr

dr

FA

dr

db
vbr r DFA
const
Integratingrin
dr
2

dbcondition

2
2
applying
boundary
at the
const rs s vs bs rs DFA s

dr s

surface
db
rs s vs bs DFA

dr s

rs s vs bs 1
2

Sub from
equation at
bottom of last

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Now substitute our expression for the


constant in the integrated equation
db
and rearrange
2
2
2
r vb r v 1 b r D
s

s s

FA

r v rs s vs
2

and recognize
so that

dr

db
rs s vs b bs 1 r DFA
dr
2

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Now separate variables

rs s vs
db
dr
2
b bs 1
r DFA
2

assume

DFA s DFA s const

and integrate
2

rs vs

ln b bs 1 const
rDFA s

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Now apply far-field boundary condition


r
to find the constant
const ln b bs 1

so that
and at r=rs

YF
b
YFs 1

b bs 1
rs vs

ln
rDFA s
b bs 1
2

rs vs
ln 1 b bs
DFA s

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Defining the Spalding Transfer Number


B
YFs YF
B b bs

then

1 YFs

rs vs DFA s ln 1 B

The mass flux of fuel (evaporation


s
m F
s vs
DFA s ln 1 B
rate) is GF
2
4rs

rs

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

For a particular problem we


can make an approximation to
the fuel mass fraction in the
YF
far field,
. To get the mass
fraction at the surface of the
drop, we can assume the
vapor is saturated at the drop
surface temperature.
X Fs

P (T )
satF s
Pmix

YFs X Fs

MF
M mix

Such data are not difficult to


find, as in the chart shown
(Joachim and Rothrock, 1928).

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

At steady state the energy flows due to


convection and thermal conduction sum to zero.

dT
r vC PT r
0
dr
At the surface of the droplet we can write
2

dT

dr

and

s vs h fg
s

rs s vs C PTs rs s vs h fg 0
2

so that

dT
2
2
r vC PT r
rs s vs C PTs rs s vs h fg
dr
2

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion
2
2

Again substitutingr v rs s vs
and rearranging
h fg

2
2 dT
r
rs s vs C P T Ts
CP
dr

Separate variables and integrate

2
h fg

rs s vs C P
const

ln T Ts
r
CP

Substitute far-field boundary condition


r T T
,
h fg

const ln T Ts
CP

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Finally

rs s vs C P
ln

If we evaluate this at r=rs


2

h fg

T Ts
CP
h fg
T Ts

CP

rs s vs C P
C
P

ln 1
T Ts

h
fg

introduce the thermal diffusivity, and the


Spalding Thermal Transfer Number

C P get
we

T T
B
CP

h fg

rs vs ln 1 BT

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion
rs vs ln 1 BT
rs vs DFA s ln 1 B

So the transfer numbers for mass and


thermal energy are related via the transport
and thermodynamic properties of the gas. If
these data are not available,
DFA
one
can
that
, or the Lewis
Le

/ Dassume
1
number
, as is sometimes done in modeling
YF YFs
CP
T case,
BT In this
Ts we have
B
combustion.
h fg

(1)

YFs 1

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

So the fuel mass fraction and temperature at


the droplet surface are related by a more-orless simple equation. To find the surface
temperature, assume the fuel liquid and
vapor are in equilibrium at the saturation
pressure and temperature.
PsatF (Ts ) M F
YFs

Pmix

M mix

(2)
Psat and Tsat are related
by
the Clausius

h
P
1
1
fg
sat
F

ln

Clapeyron Equation.
Psat
R Tsat
Ts

(3)
ref

ref

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

Equations (1) through (3) can be solved for


YFs, Ts, and PsatF. Then the Transfer Number(s)
can be computed, and hence the
F from s
m
evaporation
rate
GF
s vs
DFA s ln 1 B
2
rs
4rs
This is equal to thedrsurface
regression rate
s
L
s vs
times the liquid density.
dt
Now

s DFA s
drs

ln 1 B
dt
L rs

Droplet Vaporization and


Combustion

This can be integrated

8 s DFA s

d d
ln 1 B t
L

2
s

2
s0

The bracketed term is called the evaporation


coefficient v. Setting the surface diameter
to zero and rearranging gives the droplet
lifetime.
2

tlife

ds0

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