CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

THE MOLE CONCEPT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
OBJECTIVES
1.

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO

UNDERSTAND AND KNOW

THE DEFINITIONS OF THE MOLE AND AVOGADROS NUMBER

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOLES AND MASS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOLES AND PARTICLES

CALCULATE THE FORMULA MASS OF A COMPOUND

GIVEN THE PERIODIC TABLE
CALCULATE THE MASS PERCENT COMPOSITION OF
A COMPOUND GIVEN THE FORMULA, FORMULA
MASS, AND PERIODIC TABLE.

DRILL & OBJECTIVES

How many eggs are there in a dozen?

1.

If I bought 3 dozen eggs, how many eggs do I have?

1.

What are some ways that you can measure things? (such
as the amount of a substance)

2.

OBJECTIVES
1.

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO

UNDERSTAND AND KNOW

THE DEFINITIONS OF THE MOLE AND AVOGADROS NUMBER

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOLES AND MASS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOLES AND PARTICLES

CALCULATE THE FORMULA MASS OF A COMPOUND GIVEN THE

PERIODIC TABLE
CALCULATE THE MASS PERCENT COMPOSITION OF A COMPOUND
GIVEN THE FORMULA, FORMULA MASS, AND PERIODIC TABLE.

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

How many eggs are there in a dozen?

12
!

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

How many roses are there in a dozen roses?

12
!

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Does it matter what the _____________ is?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Does it matter what the _____________ is?

NO! A Dozen is a dozen! No matter if its flowers,

eggs, bagels, ect.
It represents a number of _______

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

In Chemistry the same concept is valid,

Lets talk about The Mole and how it relates
to Chemistry

THE MOLE?

The Mole?

THE MOLE?

The Mole or A Mole is an amount of a

substance

There are 6.02 x1023 atoms (representative

particles of a substance) in 1 Mole (of that
substance).
This number (6.02 x1023) is called Avogadros
number

Named after Amedeo Avogadro di Quarenga (1776

1856), an Italian scientist.

THE MOLE!

Lets put this into perspective

How much is 1 mol of a substance?

6.023 x 10 !!
23

THE MOLE!

IF you had 6.02 X 1023 Watermelon Seeds

THE MOLE!

IF you had 6.02 X 1023 Watermelon Seeds

it would be found inside a watermelon slightly
larger than the moon!

THE MOLE!

If you had 6.02 X 1023 Grains of Sand

THE MOLE!

IF you had 6.02 X 1023 Grains of Sand

it would be more than ALL the sand on Miami
Beach.

THE MOLE?

A mole is the amount of substance or

representative particles of any substance.
Therefore, as we have just seen

1 mol of N2 there are 6.02x1023 MOLECULES of

N2

1 mol of
23 C12H22O11 has how many molecules?
6.02x10 can be used for atoms if they are the
same element
OR

It can be used for molecules for many elements

that are together, via compounds.

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

How many moles of Magnesium is

3.01x1022 atoms of magnesium?
Step 1 - What do we know?
We know that there are 3.01x1022 atoms
of Mg

Step 2 - What do we want

know? We want to know the number of moles
of Mg

Step 3 What do we know that can be used for these

conversions?
We know that there are 6.02x1023 atoms in 1
mol

Step 4 Solve the problem

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

How many moles of Magnesium is

3.01x1022 atoms of magnesium?
3.01x10
Mg

22

atoms

1 mol
Mg
6.02x1023 atoms of
Mg

= 5.00x10-2 mol Mg

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Individual Problems

How many moles are 1.20x1025 atoms of

phosphorus?
How many atoms are in 0.750 mol of Zinc?
How many molecules are there in 4 mol of
glucose, C6H12O6?
How many molecules are there in 0.44 mol N2O5

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Now there is a difference between asking how

many atoms are there in the entire compound
and how many atoms of one of the compound
there are.
We said that there are the same number or
atoms in a compound or a diatomic molecule.
However, there is a difference between these
questions
How many atoms are there in aluminum
fluoride?
VS.
How many fluoride ions are there in aluminum
fluoride?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

So lets answer the question.

How many fluoride ions are there in 1.46 mol of

aluminum fluoride?
If we follow the four steps that we went through
prior

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many fluoride ions are there in 1.46 mol of
aluminum fluoride?
Step 1 - What do we know?
We know that there are 1.46 mol of aluminum
fluoride

Step 2 - What do we want

know? We want to know the number of FStep 3 What do we know that can be used for these
conversions?
We know that there are 6.02x1023 atoms in 1

NO!

mol
BUT is that enough information??

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many fluoride ions are there in 1.46 mol of
aluminum fluoride?
We want to know the number of FBut how can we find out the number of
fluoride ions we have from what is given?
We can get the information we need by
writing out the chemical formula of the
compound.

AlF3

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many fluoride ions are there in 1.46 mol of
aluminum fluoride?
1.46 mol
AlF3

6.02x1023 Formula units

of AlF3 1 mol

3 F- ions
1 formula unit
AlF3

AlF3
= 26.3676 x 1023 F- ions

INDIVIDUAL WORK

How many ammonium ions are in 0.036 mol

ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4?

DRILL

What is Avogadro's number?

How many particles are there in 1 mol of a

substance?

How many atoms are there in 1.45 mol of Na?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
THE GRAM FORMULA MASS

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Chemists have defined the gram atomic

mass as the number of grams of an element
that is numerically equal to the atomic mass
in amu

The Gram atomic mass is the mass of one mole of

atoms of a monatomic element
This can also be described as MOLAR MASS in
place of gram formula mass to refer to the mass of
a mole of any element or compound.
I will be using the term Molar Mass more
frequently

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
Atomic Mass
Number

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
This number tells you how many
grams of this element there are in 1
mol of the element

Therefore,
there are 47.88 grams/mol of Ti
Or there are 47.88 grams of Ti IN 1 mol of
Ti

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
B

10.811g

12.0107g

14.0067g

15.9994g

18.998g

The molar mass in

grams/mol

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

You can calculate the total molecular weight of

a molecule by adding up the molar masses of
each element.
The molar mass of the molecule SO4 is equal
to
S = 32.065 g/mol x 1 S = 32.065 g/mol
O = 15.9994 g/mol x 4 O = 63.9976 g/mol
SO4 = 96.0626 g/mol

I will specify the amount of significant figures

needed in your answer

INDIVIDUAL WORK

What is the molar mass of the following

compounds?
REMEMBER YOUR UNITS!
1.

PCl3

2.

Sodium Carbonate
C8H18

3.
4.
5.

Aluminum Sulfate
(NH4)2CO3

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

Why is this important?

This is important because it will allow us to covert

from moles to grams and grams to moles, allowing
for quantitative experimentation.

Lets do a calculation
How many grams are in 7.20 mol of dinitrogen
trioxide?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many grams are in 7.20 mol of dinitrogen
trioxide?
Step 1 add up the total molar mass of the
compound

If it is in word form, write the chemical formula

Step 2 Set up the proper conversion factors

Step 3 Solve

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many grams are in 7.20 mol of dinitrogen trioxide?
Step 1 add up the total molar mass of the compound

If it is in word form, write the chemical formula

N2O3
N = 14.0 g/mol x 2 N = 28.0 g/mol
O = 16.0 g/mol x 3 O = 48.0 g/mol
N2O3 = 76.0 g/mol

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How many grams are in 7.20 mol of dinitrogen trioxide?
Step 2 Set up the proper conversion factors
Step 3 Solve

76.0gN 2O3
7.20molN 2O3 x
547.2gN 2O3
1.00molN 2O3

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Find the mass of the following

2.

3.32 mol K
5.08 mol Ca(NO3)2

3.

4.52x10-3 mol K2CO3

1.

Find the number moles of the following

1.

0.000264g Li2HPO4

2.

847g (NH4)2CO3

3.

195g calcium nitrate

EXIT TICKET

Does 54.938 g of Mn have the same number

of moles as that of 112.411 g of Cd? Explain
why or why not.

DRILL

What is Avogadros number?

How many moles are there in 245 kg of

CH2COOH?

Does 54.938 g of Mn have the same number

of moles as that of 112.411 g of Cd? Explain
why or why not.

Group Work

Find the mass (g) of the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

10.0 mol Cr
2.20x10-3 mol Sn
0.720 mol Be
2.40 mol N2
4.52x10-3 mol C20H42
0.0112 mol Potassium Carbonate

Find the number of moles of the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

72.0 g Ar
3.70x10-1 g B
333 g Tin (II) Fluoride
7.21x10-2 g He
27.4 g TiO2

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
THE VOLUME OF A MOLE OF GAS

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
How would we measure the amount of moles
in a gas?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

The volume of a gas is usually measured at

STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

STP conditions
Temperature
0C
Pressure
1 atmosphere (atm)

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
At STP conditions
1 mol of ANY gas occupies a volume of 22.4
Liters (L)
22.4 Liters of a gas / 1 mol of the gas
22.4 L of a gas contains 6.02 x 10 23
representative particles of that gas
This is known as the molar volume of a gas

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
What were the units of the molar volume of a
gas?
Liters
What kind of unit is
liters?
VOLUME
Therefore, 1 mol of any gas occupies the
same volume not mass

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
He

22.4 L N2
6.02 x 1023 molecules of N2
28g of N2
22.4 L CO2
6.02 x 1023 molecules of CO
Ne
44g of CO2

22.4 L He
6.02 x 1023 molecules of He
4g

CO22

INDIVIDUAL WORK
What is the volume at STP of these gases?
5.40 mol O2
3.20 x 10-2 mol CO2
Assuming STP conditions, how many moles are
there in these volumes
74.6 L SO2
5.78x10-2 N2

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
Because the molar volume of a gas is a
VOLUME, we can relate density (mass over
volume) of a gas to determine the mass of the
gas.
If we have a gas that has a density of 1.964 g/L
we can multiply the density with the molar
g
volume
of a gas (22.4 L) to calculate the mass
L
of the
gas.
1.964 x 22.4 L = 44.0g

GROUP WORK
The densities of gases A, B, & C are 1.25 g/L,
2.86 g/L, and 0.714 g/L, respectively.
Calculate the molar mass of each of these
substances and
compare them to the molar mass of ammonia,
sulfur
dioxide, chlorine, nitrogen, and methane
Identify the gasses A, B, & C

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
COPY THEM DOWN!
1. Calculate the volume of each of these gases at
STP

1.
2.

9.6 mol He
4.8 mol N2

How many moles is each of the following,

assuming STP

2.
1.
2.

56.o L N2O
0.224 L O2

Find each of the following quantities

3.
1.
2.

The mass of 18.0L of CH4 (STP)

The volume in liter, of 835 g of SO 3 (STP)

DRILL

What are STANDARD conditions?

How many liters are there in 1 mol of gas?

Does it matter which gas it is? Why or why not?

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
PERCENT COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- %
COMPOSITION
Calculating Percent Composition
Percent Composition

The percent by mass of each element in a compound

They must add up to 100%

Ex. K2CrO4

40.3% K
26.8% Cr
32.9% O
100% Total

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES - %
COMPOSITION
Percent Mass of an element in a compound is
the number of grams of the element divided
by the grams of the compound, multiplied by
100%
Grams of element

of compound
% massGrams
=
x 100%

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- %
COMPOSITION
Lets look at our example again
K2CrO4
STEP 1
Calculate the Total Molecular Mass of K2CrO4
Go ahead a calculate that now
K = 39 g x 2K = 78 g
Cr = 52 g
O = 16 g x 4O = 64g
K2CrO4 = 194g

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- %
COMPOSITION
Lets look at our example again
K2CrO4
STEP 2
Using the individual molar mass of each element,
divide each element with the total molar mass
Go ahead and calculate that now with 3
Significant figures
K = 39 g x 2K = 78 g K 194g
= .402
Cr = 52 g 194g = 0.268
O = 16 g x 4O = 64g 194g =
0.330

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- %
COMPOSITION
Lets look at our example again
K2CrO4
STEP 3
Multiply the number calculated from Step 2 and
multiply by 100%
Go ahead and calculate that now
K = 39 g x 2K = 78 g K 194g = .402 x 100% =
40.2% K
Cr = 52 g 194g = 0.268 x 100% = 26.8% Cr
O = 16 g x 4O = 64g 194g = 0.330 x 100% = 33%
O

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- %
COMPOSITION
INDIVIDUAL WORK
1.

Calculate the mass of carbon in 82g in C 3H8

2.

Calculate the percent composition of each of

these compounds.
1.

Propane, C3H8

2.

Sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4

3.

Calcium acetate, Ca(C2H3O2)2

4.

Hydrogen cyanide, HCN

CLOSURE
Take

the remainder of this period and

write down in complete sentences what
you learned today, approximately 2-3
paragraphs.

DRILL

What is percent composition?

What is the formula for percent composition?

DRILL
Calculate

the mass of oxygen in 142g of

Sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
Empirical Formula
Gives the lowest whole number ratio of the
elements in a compound.
This ratio is not necessarily the molecular
formula!
Calculating the empirical formula is going to
require the use of almost everything youve
learned so far.
Each element in the compound would require
different amounts depending on the mass and
% composition

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
Steps to solve for an Empirical Formula
1. Write down the base formula AxBY
2.
3.
4.

5.

Convert whatever you have into moles using

dimensional analysis
Divide each element by the lowest number
of moles in the compound
Round if necessary to the nearest 10ths place
and/or multiply by a number to get a whole
number ratio
Write down the Empirical Formula

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a compound
that is 25.9% Nitrogen and 74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 1 - Write down the base formula AxBY

NxOy

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a compound
that is 25.9% Nitrogen and 74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 2 - Convert whatever you have into
moles using
dimensional analysis
Because this is a % composition, we know
that everything has to add up to 100%;
therefore, we can assume that if we had
100g total of the compound, there would
be 25.9g of N and 74.1g of O

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a compound
that is 25.9% Nitrogen and 74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 2 - Convert whatever you have into
moles using
dimensional analysis
25.9g of N x 1 mol N = 1.85 mol N
14.0 g N
74.1g of O x

1 mol O
= 4.63 mol O
16.0 g O

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a compound
that is 25.9% Nitrogen and 74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 3 - Divide each element by the lowest

number of

moles in the compound

1 mol N
25.9g of N x
14.0 g N

1.85
= 1.85 mol
N mol = 1 mol
N

1 mol O
74.1g of O x
16.0 g O

= 4.63mol
O mol = 2.5 mol O
1.85

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a compound
that is 25.9% Nitrogen and 74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 4 - Round if necessary to the nearest

10ths place and/or multiply by a number to

get a whole number ratio
2
1 mol N x ____
=2 mol N
5 mol O
2.5 mol O x 2____ =

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- EMPIRICAL

FORMULAS
What is the empirical formula of a
compound that is 25.9% Nitrogen and
74.1% Oxygen?
STEP 5 - Write down the Empirical Formula
2 mol N
5 mol O
N2O5

CHEMICAL QUANTITIES- MOLECULAR

FORMULAS
The Molecular formula
is the actual formula of a molecular
compound
While the empirical formula give us the base
ratio of the compound, the molecular formula
will give the actual
molecular formula by
using the molar mass.
x (empirical formula) = molecular formula
Ratio of the
compounds

Chemical Quantities- Molecular Formulas

Therefore, if you have the molar mass of the

compound and divide it by the molar mass of

the empirical formula, you will get the ratio
between the two.
Multiply the ratio to each element of the
compound to get the the molecular formula.

Chemical Quantities- Molecular Formulas

Ex. If the empirical formula was calculated to be

CH4N and the known molecular formula molar mass
is = to 60g
1st Take the molar mass of the empirical formula
CH4N
In

this case it is calculated to be 30g/mol

2nd Divide the known molar mass of 60g/mol and

divide it by 30 g/mol 60/30 = 2

3rd Take the ratio of the two molar masses and

then multiply it by each element of the compound
C1x2H4x2N1x2= C2H8N2

Chemical Quantities- Molecular Formulas

Write the Molecular Formula for the problem
below

The compound methyl butanoate has a percent

composition of 58.8% C, 9.8% H, 31.4%O. If its
molecular mass is 102 g/mol, what is its
molecular formula?

Write the Empirical Formula for the following

1. 79.8% C
20.2% H
2. 67.6% Hg 10.8% S 21.6% O
3. 27.59% C
1.15% H 16.09%N 55.17%O
4. 17.6% Na
39.7%Cr 42.7%O

DRILL

What is the difference between an empirical

formula and molecular formula?

Chemical Quantities Review

Determine the Empirical Formula with the parameters
below
1.

71.72% Cl, 16.16% O, and 12.12%C

What is the molecular formula for the compound below?

The compounds empirical formula and molar mass is given
Below
2.

HgCl, 472.2 g/mol

Determine the molecular formula for the compound

3.

94.1%O and 5.9% H ; molar mass = 34g

Find the empirical formula for each compound from its

percent composition
4.
5.

72.4% Fe and 27.6% O

52.8% Sn, 12.4% Fe, 16.0% C, and 18.8% N