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Flow in Pipes

1) Flow in pipes can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers below 2300, while turbulent flow is above 4000. 2) For fully developed flow, the average velocity remains constant along the pipe even if the velocity profile changes. Pressure drop is directly related to wall shear stress. 3) Minor losses occur at fittings, bends, valves, and other components and are accounted for using loss coefficients. Total head loss equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses.

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Rafa Martínez
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
255 views

Flow in Pipes

1) Flow in pipes can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers below 2300, while turbulent flow is above 4000. 2) For fully developed flow, the average velocity remains constant along the pipe even if the velocity profile changes. Pressure drop is directly related to wall shear stress. 3) Minor losses occur at fittings, bends, valves, and other components and are accounted for using loss coefficients. Total head loss equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses.

Uploaded by

Rafa Martínez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Flow in Pipes

Average velocity in a pipe


Because of the no-slip condition, the velocity
at the walls of a pipe or duct flow is zero
No-slip condition causes shear stress and
friction along the pipe walls
For pipes of constant diameter and incompressible
flow
Vavg stays the same down the pipe, even if the
velocity profile changes
Why? Conservation of Mass:

Friction force of wall on fluid

Vavg

Vavg
D1

same
same
same

D2
V1

V2

m
2

For pipes with variable diameter, m is still the same due to


conservation of mass, but V1 V2

1
ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Laminar and Turbulent Flows


Critical Reynolds number
(Recr) for flow in a round pipe

Definition of Reynolds number

Re < 2300 laminar


2300 Re 4000 transitional
Re > 4000 turbulent

Note that these values are


approximate.
For a given application, Re critical
depends upon
Pipe roughness
Vibrations
Upstream fluctuations,
disturbances (valves, elbows, etc.
that may disturb the flow)
ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Laminar and Turbulent Flows


For non-round pipes, define the hydraulic
diameter
Dh = 4Ac/P
Ac = cross-section area
P = wetted perimeter

Example: open channel


Ac = 0.15 * 0.4 = 0.06m2
P = 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.5 = 0.8m
Dont count free surface, since it does not
contribute to friction along pipe walls!
Dh = 4Ac/P = 4*0.06/0.8 = 0.3m
What does it mean? This channel flow is
equivalent to a round pipe of diameter
0.3m (approximately).
ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

The Entrance Region


Consider a round pipe of diameter D. The flow
can be laminar or turbulent. In either case, the
profile develops downstream over several
diameters called the entry length Lh. Lh/D is a
function of Re.

Lh

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow:


Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow
Laminar
Can solve exactly
Flow is steady
Velocity profile is parabolic
Pipe roughness not important
It turns out that Vavg = 1/2Umax and
u(r)= 2Vavg(1 - r2/R2)
Turbulent
Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
Flow is unsteady (3D swirling eddies), but it
is steady in the mean
Mean velocity profile is fuller (shape more
like a top-hat profile, with very sharp slope at
the wall)
Pipe roughness is very important
Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)

Instantaneous
profiles

No analytical solution, but there are some


good semi-empirical expressions that
approximate the velocity profile shape.
(Logarithmic law &Power law)
ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Wall-shear stress
Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had
= du/dy
In fully developed pipe flow, it turns out that
= du/dr
Laminar

Turbulent

slope

slope

w
w = shear stress at the wall,
acting on the fluid
ME33 : Fluid Flow

w,turb > w,lam


Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow :


Pressure drop and the shear stress at the wall
Consider a horizontal pipe, fully developed,wand incompressible flow
Take CV inside the pipe wall

P1

P2

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of x-momentum

Terms cancel since 1 = 2 and V1 = V2


ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Pressure drop
Thus, x-momentum reduces to

or

Energy equation (in head form)

cancel (horizontal pipe)


Velocity terms cancel again because V1 = V2, and 1 = 2 (shape not changing)
hL = irreversible head
loss & it is felt as a pressure
drop in the pipe
ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Friction Factor
From momentum CV analysis

From energy CV analysis

Equating the two gives

To predict head loss, we need to be able to calculate w. How?


Laminar flow: solve exactly
Turbulent flow: rely on empirical data (experiments)
In either case, we can benefit from dimensional analysis!
ME33 : Fluid Flow

10

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Friction Factor
w = func( V, , D, )

= average roughness of the


inside wall of the pipe

-analysis gives

ME33 : Fluid Flow

11

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Friction Factor
Now go back to equation for hL and substitute f for w

But for laminar flow, roughness


does not affect the flow unless it
Our problem is now reduced to solving for Darcy friction factor f
is huge
Recall
Therefore

Laminar flow: f = 64/Re (exact)


Turbulent flow: Use charts or empirical equations (Moody Chart, a famous plot of f vs. Re and /D)

ME33 : Fluid Flow

12

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME33 : Fluid Flow

13

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Pipe Flow


Friction
Factor
For laminar flow,
f=64/Re
Moody chart was developed for circular pipes, but can be used for non-circular pipes
using hydraulic diameter
Colebrook equation is a curve-fit of the data which is convenient for computations It is
an implicit equation for f which can be solved using the root-finding algorithm.

Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are accurate to 15% due to roughness
size, experimental error, curve fitting of data, etc.

ME33 : Fluid Flow

14

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Types of Fluid Flow Problems


In design and analysis of piping systems, 3
problem types are encountered
1. Determine p (or hL) given L, D, V (or flow rate)
Can be solved directly using Moody chart and Colebrook
equation

2. Determine V, given L, D, p
3. Determine D, given L, p, V (or flow rate)

Types 2 and 3 are common engineering design


problems, i.e., selection of pipe diameters to
minimize construction and pumping costs
However, iterative approach required since
both V and D are in the Reynolds number.
ME33 : Fluid Flow

15

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Problem:P
Air at 20C and approximately 1 atm flows
through a smooth 30 cm square duct at 1500
cfpm (cubic feet per minute). What is the
expected pressure drop per meter of duct
length?

ME33 : Fluid Flow

16

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Problem: V
A smooth 8-cm-diameter pipe, 200 m long,
connects two reservoirs, containing water at
20C, one of which has a surface elevation of
700 m and the other with its surface elevation
at 560 m. If minor losses are neglected, what
is the expected flow rate through the pipe?

ME33 : Fluid Flow

17

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Eliminating iterations
Explicit relations have been developed which
eliminate iteration. They are useful for quick,
direct calculation, but introduce an additional 2%
error

ME33 : Fluid Flow

18

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Minor Losses
Piping systems include fittings, valves, bends, elbows,
tees, inlets, exits, enlargements, and contractions.
These components interrupt the smooth flow of fluid and
cause additional losses because of flow separation and
mixing
We introduce a relation for the minor losses associated
with these components
KL is the loss coefficient.
Is different for each component.
Is assumed to be independent of Re.
Typically provided by manufacturer or
generic table
ME33 : Fluid Flow

19

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Minor Losses
Total head loss in a system is comprised of
major losses (in the pipe sections) and the minor
losses (in the components)

i pipe sections

j components

If the piping system has constant diameter

ME33 : Fluid Flow

20

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME33 : Fluid Flow

21

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

flanged embridado
threaded - roscado

ME33 : Fluid Flow

22

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Problem
A farmer is to pump water at 70F from a river to a water storage
tank nearby using a total of 125 ft-long, 5-in.-diameter galvanized
iron pipes with three flanged 90C smooth bends. The water velocity
near the river surface is 6 ft/s, and the pipe inlet is placed in the river
normal to the flow direction of water to take advantage of the
dynamic pressure. The elevation difference between the free
surface of the tank and the river is 12 ft. For a flow rate of 1.5 ft 3/s
and an overall pump efficiency of 70 percent, determine the required
electric power input to the pump.

ME33 : Fluid Flow

23

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Piping Networks and Pump Selection


Two general types of
networks
Pipes in series
Volume flow rate is
constant
Head loss is the
summation of parts

Pipes in parallel
Volume flow rate is the
sum of the components
Pressure loss across all
branches is the same
ME33 : Fluid Flow

24

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Piping Networks and Pump Selection


For parallel pipes, perform CV analysis between
points A and B

Since p is the same for all branches, head loss


in all branches is the same
ME33 : Fluid Flow

25

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Piping Networks and Pump Selection


Head loss relationship between branches allows the following ratios
to be developed

Real pipe systems result in a system of non-linear equations. Very


easy to solve with EES!
Note: the analogy with electrical circuits should be obvious
Flow flow rate (VA) : current (I)
Pressure gradient (p) : electrical potential (V)
Head loss (hL): resistance (R), however hL is very nonlinear
ME33 : Fluid Flow

26

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Piping Networks and Pump Selection


When a piping system involves pumps and/or turbines, pump and turbine head must be included in the energy
equation

The useful head of the pump (hpump,u) or the head extracted by the turbine (hturbine,e), are functions of volume flow
rate, i.e., they are not constants.
Operating point of system is where the system is in balance, e.g., where pump head is equal to the head losses.

ME33 : Fluid Flow

27

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Pump and systems curves


Supply curve for hpump,u:
determine experimentally by
manufacturer. When using EES,
it is easy to build in functional
relationship for hpump,u.
System curve determined from
analysis of fluid dynamics
equations
Operating point is the
intersection of supply and
demand curves
If peak efficiency is far from
operating point, pump is wrong
for that application.
ME33 : Fluid Flow

28

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Problem
In the five-pipe horizontal network of Fig., assume that all pipes
have a friction factor f = 0.025. For the given inlet and exit flow rate
of 2 ft3/s of water at 20C, determine the flow rate and direction in all
pipes. If PA = 120 lbf/in2 gage, determine the pressures at points B,
C, and D.

ME33 : Fluid Flow

29

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

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