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Turbine: Limitation of First Law

The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body. It also states that it is impossible for a heat engine to produce work in a cycle using a single temperature reservoir. The Kelvin-Plank statement formalizes this for cyclic processes. The Clausius statement is that heat can spontaneously flow from hot to cold but not the reverse. A reversible process is one that is infinitesimally slow such that the system is always in equilibrium, while irreversible processes involve dissipative effects like friction.

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34 views

Turbine: Limitation of First Law

The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body. It also states that it is impossible for a heat engine to produce work in a cycle using a single temperature reservoir. The Kelvin-Plank statement formalizes this for cyclic processes. The Clausius statement is that heat can spontaneously flow from hot to cold but not the reverse. A reversible process is one that is infinitesimally slow such that the system is always in equilibrium, while irreversible processes involve dissipative effects like friction.

Uploaded by

Abcd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Second law of thermodynamics

arity between heat and work: both are energy, but the difference between them
can be completely converted to heat but heat can not be completely converted
in a closed cycle or cyclic process.

ion of first law: It only tells if a process occurs then conservation of energy has to
sfied. But it can not tell whether a process will occur or not. But second law will s
Cyclic heat engine:
Heat
transfer in a cycle to the engine

q1

Turbine

furnace

By the first law:

wp
pump

wt Work transfer in a cycle

condenser

q2

Efficiency of the engine: =


=

Heat reservoirs:

Body of infinite heat capacity which can reject or absorb any amount of hea
without changing the temp of the body.

Kelvin-Plank statement of second law

source
q1
wp

q2

sink

so

It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work


wt
in a complete cycle by exchanging heat only with bodies at
a single fixed temp.

Clauses statement of second law


Heat can flow from a hotter body to a colder body spontaneously
but the reverse does not occur spontaneously.
Refrigerator and heat pump
T1
q1
w
q2

T1 > T2
q1= q2+w

Refrigerator, T2

Cop= = =

COP
of heat pump =

Reversibility and irreversibility

(a) Reversible = ideal process


A reversible process is carried out infinitely slowly
(b)Irreversible = natural process
with an infinitesimal gradient so that every state
passed through by the system is an equilibrium stat
So a reversible process is a quasi-static process.
All spontaneous processes are irreversible.

uses of irreversibility: (a) lack of equilibrium


(b) Involvement of dissipative effects

Heat transfer through a finite temp difference, lack of pressure equilibrium withi
e system and free expansion
Presence of friction and paddle wheel work are examples of dissipative effect

nditions of reversibility: absence of friction, presence of TE through the process

Carnot cycle: A reversible hypothetical cycle


Reversible adiabatic process
1
Reversible isothermal process
wp q1 2
p
4
Wp
we
q2
3
v

source
Q1
T1

Wt
T2
Q2
sink

Reversed heat engine


T1
q1
wp
q2

wt

T1
q1
wt-wp= net work
Work output

T2
Carnot heat engine
Carnots theorem and its corollary:

wp

wt
wt-wp= net work
Work input
q2

T2
Reversed Carnot engine
Refrigeration cycle

eat engines operating between given source and sink temp, none has higher effi
a reversible engine
T1
T1
q1
q1 Rev engine
q1
q1 Rev engine
wa-wb
Not rev
wb
wa
Not rev
q2b
q2a
q2b
q2a
T2
T2

e :, so
wa > wb. Now reverse the rev engine. It will deliver q1 to the source T1.
wa> wb so the non-rev engine will drive the rev engine producing net work wa-wb
e source T1 can be removed while we get net work. This violets Kelvin-Plank statement of 2 nd law. So as
g. Hence rev engine will have higher efficiency.

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