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Lecture 13

This document discusses various techniques for compensating for dispersion in optical fiber communication systems. It begins by defining dispersion and how it causes pulse spreading. It then describes several approaches for mitigating dispersion, including using dispersion compensating fiber with negative dispersion to offset the standard fiber, implementing spectral inversion using four-wave mixing, and applying filters like fiber Bragg gratings. The document provides equations to characterize dispersion and discusses how dispersion compensation is crucial to enable high data rate transmission over long distances in optical networks.

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Pavan Deep
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181 views

Lecture 13

This document discusses various techniques for compensating for dispersion in optical fiber communication systems. It begins by defining dispersion and how it causes pulse spreading. It then describes several approaches for mitigating dispersion, including using dispersion compensating fiber with negative dispersion to offset the standard fiber, implementing spectral inversion using four-wave mixing, and applying filters like fiber Bragg gratings. The document provides equations to characterize dispersion and discusses how dispersion compensation is crucial to enable high data rate transmission over long distances in optical networks.

Uploaded by

Pavan Deep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 13

Dispersion Compensation

From the movie


Warriors of the Net

Pulse Dispersion

Definition of chirp
The chirp C is defined by the change in
frequency d due to the rate of change of
the phase:

d Ct
d
2
dt

is the initial 1/e duration of the pulse

Spread of Gaussian Pulse


2

3 L

2 L

C 2 L
2 2

C
2 2
4 3 2
02
2 02
0

Dispersion Power Penalty at different


Bit Rates

Degradation of a 40 Gb/s Signal

Ideal Dispersion Compensation Device

Large negative dispersion coefficient


Low attenuation
Minimal nonlinear contributions
Wide bandwidth
Corrects dispersion slope as well
Minimal ripple
Polarization independent
Manufacturable

Various Dispersion Compensation


Techniques

Propagation of Gaussian Pulses

Input Pulse

Output Pulse
chirped and broadened

2<0 for standard single mode silica fiber


and Ld ~ 1800 km at 2.5 Gb/s and ~115 km at 10 Gb/s

Input Pulse
Already Positively
Chirped

After some distance


the chirp is removed
and the pulse assumes its
minimum possible width

Upon further propagation


the pulse will continue to broaden
and acquire chirp.

Optical Networks a Practical Perspective-Ramaswami and Sivarajan

Spectral Shaping at the Transmitter

Optical Fiber Telecommunications IIIA

Compensation at Receiver
Adjust decision point on the fly based
on previous few bits
Mathematically extrapolate signal back
to what it presumably was at origin
These techniques can be used only if
calculations can be done much faster
than bit rate

Dispersion Properties of Various


Fibers

Chromatic Dispersion Properties of


Various Fibers

Conventional Dispersion
Compensating Fiber

Fiber Optic Communications Technology- Mynbaev & Scheiner

Dispersion Compensating Fiber

Use of Dispersion Compensating


Fiber

Understanding Fiber Optics-Hecht

Problem with Conventional


Dispersion Shifted Fiber

Importance of Slope Matching

Link Distance Dependence on Slope


Matching

Higher order Mode


DispersionProperties

LaserComm

High-Order-Mode Dispersion
Compensation Device

Compensation with Optical Filters

1
A L, t
2

2
A' 0, H exp 2 2 L it d

Chirped fiber Bragg grating dispersion

2n
D
c
where is the difference between Bragg
wavelengths at ends of grating.
For n=1.45 and =0.2 nm, D=4.8x107
ps/(km-nm) as compared to 18 for fiber

Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings

Optical Networks A Practical Perspective-Ramaswami & Sivarajan

Pulse Spreading due to Self Phase


Modulation

Four-wave Mixing

Taylor Series expansion of ()


Through the cubic term:

3
2
2
3
...
0 1
2
6
where

d
i
i
d
i

Importance of Taylor Series terms


Group velocity Vg, dispersion D, and
dispersion slope S
1
Vg
1
2c
D
2
2

dD 2c
4c
S
2 3 3 2
d

Four-Wave Mixing Phase-Matching


Requirement

Phase mismatch M needs to be small for


FWM to occur significantly

M 3 4 1 2

Spectral Inversion
Add pump signal whose wavelength is
ideally at zero-dispersion point
Four-wave mixing generates phase
conjugate signal at 2p-s
Phase conjugate undoes both GVD and
SPM over second half of link
Filter out pump beam at end

Mid-Span Spectral Inversion

Optical Fiber Telecommunications IIIA

Dispersion Managed Network

Summary of Techniques
At transmitter: prechirping, coding
At receiver: signal analysis, decision
point adjustment
Fiber: DCF, DSF, dual-mode fiber
Filters: Bragg gratings, Mach-Zehnders
Spectral inversion

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