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Water Desalination Via Energy-Efficient Capacitive Deionization (Cdi) Technology

The document discusses capacitive deionization (CDI) as an energy-efficient technology for water desalination. CDI uses an electric field to remove salt ions from brackish water using an "ion sponge" material like carbon nanofoam. It has potential as a small-scale decentralized solution for desalination that is low-cost and can be coupled with solar or wind power. The document outlines the CDI system concept and process, which involves assembling a CDI cell with electrodes and an ion sponge, applying an electric field, and measuring the reduction in salinity over time. CDI shows promise as an innovative desalination method, especially for water-scarce regions that lack alternatives

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shreekanth bapat
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41 views

Water Desalination Via Energy-Efficient Capacitive Deionization (Cdi) Technology

The document discusses capacitive deionization (CDI) as an energy-efficient technology for water desalination. CDI uses an electric field to remove salt ions from brackish water using an "ion sponge" material like carbon nanofoam. It has potential as a small-scale decentralized solution for desalination that is low-cost and can be coupled with solar or wind power. The document outlines the CDI system concept and process, which involves assembling a CDI cell with electrodes and an ion sponge, applying an electric field, and measuring the reduction in salinity over time. CDI shows promise as an innovative desalination method, especially for water-scarce regions that lack alternatives

Uploaded by

shreekanth bapat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

1

WATER DESALINATION
VIA ENERGY-EFFICIENT
CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION (CDI)
TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY:
CHAITANYA G
3PG10IT006
2/8/2014

Contents
2

Introduction
Global Perspective: water scarcity
Desalination : Emerging necessity
What are possible solutions ?
What makes salt water salty ?
Ion sponge
System Concept
Conclusion
References
2/8/2014

Introduction
3

The IWMI's (International Water Management Institute).


Population
growth,
climate
change,
widespread
mismanagement and increasing demand for energy could lead
to a major global water crisis.
Water use has been growing at more than twice.
By 2025, 1 800 million people will be living in countries with
absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world
population could be under stress conditions.

2/8/2014

Global Perspective: Water Scarcity


4

Water is a precious resource


In addition to the physical water scarcity, there is also
economic water scarcity.
Examples:
Egypt imports more than half of its food because it does not
have enough water to grow it domestically.
Australia is faced with major water scarcity in the MurrayDarling Basin as a result of diverting large quantities of water
for use in agriculture.
2/8/2014

Australia, inland from Brisbane landscape


after a severe drought.

Photo: Jonathan Wood/Getty Images (From IEEE Spectrum, April 2008)


2/8/2014

Desalination: Emerging necessity


6

Currently, there are 18 countries classified as water scarce .

The majority of these countries are in the Middle East and


northern Africa, however, a few countries are found in
Europe, Asia and the Caribbean.

By 2025, approximately 29 countries in the world are


expected to experience water scarcity.

2/8/2014

Jubail water desalination plant (Saudi Arabia)


the largest in the world
7

2/8/2014

Desalination: Quest for energy efficiency and lowcost solutions


8

To reduce costs, many coastal desalination plants are designed


to treat large volumes of water

Similar facilities in inland areas may cost twice as much to


operate because of smaller plant sizes, higher concentrate
disposal costs, higher water pumping costs, and higher energy
costs

2/8/2014

What are possible solutions?


9

More than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking
water around the world. Thats roughly 1.1 billion people.

Small decentralized water treatment plants with an


autonomous power supply can help solve the problem

2/8/2014

Example of one possible solution


10

Mini-plant installed on the rooftop in Jordan


(Image courtesy of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft,2008)
2/8/2014

So, we are going to


11

Learn about new technologies, engineering design process and


how engineers help to make our world better

Small-scale, decentralized system for water desalination


Low power consumption and low cost
Ease of coupling the system with solar/wind power
elements

2/8/2014

The First Question: What makes salty water


salty?
12

-+

+
Salt ions Na (sodium cations)
Cl- (chloride anions)

- +

+
+
+

Fresh water

2/8/2014

So, we need to get rid of the salt ions


13

and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb came up


with a clue for the solution about 220 years
ago:

ges
r
a
Ch

Ch
arg
es

me
a
s
of

of

a ri t
l
o
p

op
po

sit
e

pe l
e
r
y

po
la

riti

es

a tt

rac
t

which is due to the electric


fields associated with the
2/8/2014
charges

So, we need to apply an external electric field to


salty water!
14

No external electric field applied


the water is electrically neutral and salt ions are flowing freely within it

- - -

++
+
++
+

External
External
positive
negative
charge Fresh water charge
External electric field causes the salt ions to flow towards the opposite polarity of the
2/8/2014
field and away from the same polarity

THE IDEA
15

2/8/2014

Two specific questions


16

Now that we have a concept for our design, we should then


start the design process

Two questions then will emerge:

Whats the ion sponge?


How do we create the electric field between the electrodes?

2/8/2014

Ion Sponge
17

Q: What are we trying to trap?


A: Na+ and Cl- ions
Q: What size pores do we need to hold the ions?
A:0.2 0.3 nanometers
Thus, the sponge material should be such that the pores are at
least several times the size of the ions
2/8/2014

THE BEST AND THE COOLEST:IS THE


CARBON NANOFOAM(CN)
18

Discovered in 1997 by Andrei


V. Rode and co-workers at the
Australian National University in
Canberra, Australia
Produced by firing a highpulse, high- energy laser at
graphite or disordered solid
carbon

2/8/2014

SYSTEM CONCEPT
19

2/8/2014

CDI CELL CONCEPT


20

Attach the ion


sponge material to
the electrode (or use
it as an electrode)

Provide for a constant


separation between the
electrodes it defines
the strength of the
electric field inside

Attach power wires

Make the electrodes


choose size,
shape, material

Choose your low-power


source

and then comes the


water! 2/8/2014

Brackish Water: Where?


21

Brackish water is found in river estuaries, tidal pools and


under ground, among other places

Desalination of brackish water is of much importance: Theres


even the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination
Research Facility

2/8/2014

Salinity Testing
22

We need a device that can measure the levels of salinity from


about zero to a maximum of 30 ppt
The finer the resolution the better

Example:
KoiMedic Digital Salt Meter:
Range: 0 to 10 ppt
Resolution: 0.1 ppt
Price: ~$85

2/8/2014

Complete Solution: Summary


23

Prepare the brackish


water solution with the
known salinity level
(use the salinity meter
to verify)

Assemble the CDI


cell and put into the
vessel
Prepare the water vessel with a
flow valve

Run the test, while timing your


measurements; plot the graph of
salinity vs time
2/8/2014

CONCLUSION
24

Water is becoming a precious and scarce resource in many


parts of the world
Desalination of brackish and salty water may be the solution
for a variety of regions
Small-scale, decentralized, low-power desalination systems
with minimal environmental impact are desperately needed in
places that cannot afford
Technology is at the frontlines of innovation and socioeconomic impact and CDI is one such example.

2/8/2014

REFERENCES
25

www.ieee.com
www.wikipidia.com
www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles
www.hannainst.com/manuals/manHI
wrri.nmsu.edu/tbndrc/inland.html
www.water-technology.net
www.google.com

2/8/2014

26

ANY
QUERIES????
2/8/2014

27

THANK YOU
2/8/2014

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