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6.4 Implicit Differentiation

This document provides an overview of implicit differentiation and related rates problems. It explains that implicit differentiation is used when an applied problem involves an equation not in explicit form. The process of implicit differentiation is to differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to the independent variable and then solve for the derivative. Several examples are worked through step-by-step to demonstrate finding derivatives using implicit differentiation and applying it to related rates and tangent line problems. The document also briefly introduces differentials and L'Hospital's rule.

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45 views34 pages

6.4 Implicit Differentiation

This document provides an overview of implicit differentiation and related rates problems. It explains that implicit differentiation is used when an applied problem involves an equation not in explicit form. The process of implicit differentiation is to differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to the independent variable and then solve for the derivative. Several examples are worked through step-by-step to demonstrate finding derivatives using implicit differentiation and applying it to related rates and tangent line problems. The document also briefly introduces differentials and L'Hospital's rule.

Uploaded by

Mike Abanto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

4
Implicit Differentiation
JMerrill, 2009

Help

Pauls Online Math Notes


YouTube Tutorial
Visual Calculus
Google Video Tutorial
MindBites Video Tutorial
Visual Calculus Practice Problems

Explicit/Implicit

Explicit functions:
y = 3x 2
y = x2 + 5

Implicit functions:
y2 + 2yx 4x2 = 0
y5 - 3y2x2 + 2 = 0

Why Implicit Differentiation?

When an applied problem involves an


equation not in explicit form, implicit
differentiation is used to locate
extrema or to find rates of change.

Process for Implicit Differentiation

To find dy/dx
Differentiate both sides with respect
to x (y is assumed to be a function of
x, so d/dx)
Collect like terms (all dy/dx on the
same side, everything else on the
other side)
Factor out the dy/dx and solve for
dy/dx

Example

Find dy/dx if 3xy + 4y2 = 10


Differentiate both sides with respect
d
d
to x:
2
3xy 4y
10
dx
dx

Use the product rule for (3x)(y)


(The derivative of y is dy/dx)

dy
dy
(3x)
y(3) (3x)
3y
dx
dx

Example Cont
d
d
2
3xy 4y
10
dx
dx

Since y is assumed to be some function of


x, use the chain rule for 4y2

dy
d
2
1 dy
4y 4 2y
8y
dx
dx
dx

Example Cont
d
d
2
3xy 4y
10
dx
dx
dy
dy
(3x)
3y 8y
0
dx
dx

Combine like terms

dy
dy
(3x)
8y
3y
dx
dx

Example Cont
Factor and solve

dy
(3x 8y) 3y
dx
dy
3y

dx (3x 8y)

Tangent Lines

Find the equation of the tangent line


to the curve below at the point (2,4)

Tangent Example

x3 + y3 = 9xy

Now what?

dy
dy
3x 3y
9x
9y
dx
dx
2

dy
dy
3y
9x
9y 3x2
dx
dx
2

dy
2
2
(3y 9x) 9y 3x
dx

dy 9y 3x2 3(3y x2 ) 3y x2

2
2
2
dx 3y 9x 3(y 3x) y 3x

Tangent Line Cont

The slope of the tangent line is found by


plugging (2,4) into the derivative
3y x2 3(4) (2)2 4
m 2

2
y 3x (4) 3(2) 5

Since were looking for the tangent line:


4
x b
5
4
4 (2) b
5
12
b
5
y

4
12
y x
5
5

6.5 Related Rates

Time is often present implicitly in a


model. This means that the
derivative with respect to time must
be found implicitly.

Related Rates

Suppose x and y are both functions


of t (time), and that x and y are
related by xy2 + y = x2 + 17
When x = 2, y = 3, and dx/dt = 13.
Find the value of dy/dt at that
moment

Continued

xy2 + y = x2 + 17
Product and chain rules
dy
dy
dx

2 dx
x 2y y

2x
dt
d t dt
dt

Now substitute x = 2, y = 3 and


dx/dt = 13
dy
dy
2 6 9(13)
4(13)
dt
dt

Continued
dy
dy
2 6 9(13)
4(13)
dt
dt
dy
dy
12
117
52
dt
dt

Solve for dy/dt

dy
13
65
dt
dy
5
dt

Solving the Problems

Area Example

A small rock is dropped into a lake.


Circular ripples spread out over the
surface of the water, with the radius of
each circle increasing at a rate of 3/2 ft.
per second.
Find the rate of change of the area inside
the circle formed by a ripple at the instant
r = 4ft.

Area Example

Area and radius are related by A r2


Take the derivative of each side with
respect to time d
d
A
r2
dt
dt

dA
dr
2r
dt
dt

Since the radius is increasing at the rate of


3/2 ft per second
dr 3

dt 2

Area Continued

Find the rate of change of the area inside


the circle formed by a ripple at the instant
r = 4ft.

dA
3
2(4) 37.3ft2 per sec ond
dt
2

One More--Volume

A cone-shaped icicle is dripping from the


roof. The radius of the icicle is decreasing
at a rate of 0.2cm/hr, while the length is
increasing at a rate of 0.8cm/hr. If the
icicle is currently 4cm in radius, and 20cm
long, is the volume of the icicle increasing
or decreasing, and at what rate?

Volume

The volume of a cone is found by


1 2
V r h
3

d
d 1 2
V
r h
dt
dt 3

A constant is being multiplied


to 2 variablesuse the product
rule & chain rule

dV 1 2 dh
dr
r
h(2r)
dt 3
dt
dt

Volume

The radius of the icicle is decreasing at a


rate of 0.2cm/hr, while the length is
increasing at a rate of 0.8cm/hr.
dr
0.2
dt

dh
0.8
dt

Volume

The icicle is currently 4cm in radius and


20cm long. Plugging in we have:
dV 1 2 dh
dr
r
h(2r)
dt 3
dt
dt
dV 1 2
4 (0.8) (20)(8)( 0.2)
dt 3
dV
20
dt

The volume is decreasing at a rate of


about 20cm3/hr

6.6
Differentials: Linear Approximation

6.6
Differentials: Linear Approximation

Find dy for y = 6x2


dy/dx = 12x
dy = 12x dx

One More

Find dy:
y

3
800x 4

dy

when x 16, dx 0.01


7
600x 4 dx

7
600(16) 4 (0.01)

0.046875

Linear Approximation

Approximate

50

12.7
LHospitals Rule

We started this semester with a


discussion of limits:
x2 1 2
lim

x 1 x 4
5

On another note:
2

x 1
(x 1)(x 1)
lim
lim
lim(x 1) 2
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

12.7
LHospitals Rule

x2 1 0

Looking at lim
x 1 x 1
0

This leads to a meaningless result


and is called the indeterminate form

LHospitals Rule

LHospitals rule gives us a quick way


to decide whether a quotient with the
indeterminate form has a limit.

Do NOT use the


quotient rule!

Example
3x 6
Find lim
x 2 2 x 2

A quick check gives you 0/0


1
g(x) 2 x 2 2 x 2 2
f(x) 3x 6
f'(x) 3

12

By LH:

1
1
1
g'(x) 2 x 2 1
2
2 2x

3
3
lim
12
1
1
x 2
2 2x 4

One More
ex x 1
lim
x 0
x2

Find

Substitution gives 0/0, so apply LH


ex 1 0
lim

x 0 2x
0

Do it again!

ex 1
lim

x 0 2
2

Lab 3

Do these questions to hand in next time:


1. #54, P375
10. #15, P396
2. #1, P382
11. #9, P395
3. #4 & 7, P372
12. #9, P383
4. #3, P401
13. #23, P384
5. #28, P401
14. #19, P401
6. #20, P372
15. #29, P411
7. #32, P385
16. #43, P374
8. #3, P409
17. #26, P411
9. #11, P409
18-20. #36, 40, 45 P772

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