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AC Power Analysis

AC Power Analysis Chapter 11

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Billy Johnson Erise
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184 views

AC Power Analysis

AC Power Analysis Chapter 11

Uploaded by

Billy Johnson Erise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits


Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.

AC Power Analysis
Chapter 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8

Instantaneous and Average Power


Maximum Average Power Transfer
Effective or RMS Value
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Complex Power
Conservation of AC Power
Power Factor Correction
Power Measurement

11.1 Instantaneous and


Average Power (1)
The instantaneously power, p(t)

p (t ) v(t ) i (t ) Vm I m cos ( t v ) cos ( t i )


1
1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2 t v i )
2
2
Constant power

Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.

11.1 Instantaneous and


Average Power (2)
The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.

1
P
T

T
0

1
p (t ) dt Vm I m cos ( v i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When v = i , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When v i = 90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
4

11.1 Instantaneous and


Average Power (3)
Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average


power absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t ) 80 cos (10 t 20)


i (t ) 15 sin (10 t 60)

Answer: 385.7 600cos(20t 10)W, 387.5W


5

11.1 Instantaneous and


Average Power (4)
Example 2

A current I 10 30 flows through an impedance


Z .20
the
22average power
Find
delivered to the impedance.

Answer: 927.2W
6

11.2 Maximum Average Power


Transfer (1)
ZTH R TH j X TH
ZL R L j X L
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if
XL = XTH and RL = RTH

Pmax

If the load is purely real, then R L

VTH

8 R TH

2
2
R TH
X TH
ZTH

11.2 Maximum Average Power


Transfer (2)
Example 3
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.

Answer: 3.415 j0.7317, 1.429W

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)


The total power dissipated by R is given by:

1
P
T

R T 2
2
i Rdt i dt I rms
R
0
T
2

Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff

1
T

i 2 dt I rms

The rms value is a constant itself which


depending on the shape of the function i(t).

The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the


same average power to a resistor as the periodic current.

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)


The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(t)
is given by:

I rms

Im

The average power can be written in terms of


the rms values:

1
P Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vrms I rms cos ( v i )
2

Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.

10

11.4 Apparent Power and


Power Factor (1)
Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) S cos ( v i )


Apparent Power, S

Power Factor, pf

Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between


the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.
11

11.4 Apparent Power and


Power Factor (2)
Purely resistive v i = 0, Pf = 1
load (R)

P/S = 1, all power are


consumed

Purely reactive
load (L or C)

P = 0, no real power
consumption

Resistive and
reactive load
(R and L/C)

v i = 90o,
pf = 0
v i > 0
v i < 0

Lagging - inductive
load
Leading - capacitive
load

12

11.5 Complex Power (1)


Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:

V Vm v

I I m i

V I Vrms I rms v i
2
13

11.5 Complex Power (2)


1
S V I Vrms I rms v i
2
S Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )
S =

+ j

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is


the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
14

11.5 Complex Power (3)


S Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

S =

+ j

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2 Q 2


Real power,
P = Re(S) = S cos(v i)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(v i)
Power factor,

pf = P/S = cos(v i)
15

11.5 Complex Power (4)


S Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

S =

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle

+ j

Power Factor

16

11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)


The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.

For parallel connection:


S

1
1
1
1
*
V I* V (I1 I*2 ) V I1* V I*2 S1 S2
2
2
2
2

The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 17

11.7 Power Factor Correction (1)


Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.

Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason.

18

11.7 Power Factor Correction (2)

Qc = Q 1 Q 2
= P (tan 1 - tan 2)
= CV2rms

Q1 = S1 sin 1
= P tan 1
P = S1 cos 1

Q2 = P tan 2

Qc
P (tan 1 tan 2 )

2
2
Vrms
Vrms
19

11.8 Power Measurement (1)


The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.

The basic structure


If

Equivalent Circuit with load

v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) and i (t ) I m cos(t i )

P Vrms I rms cos ( v i )

1
2

Vm I m cos ( v i )

20

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