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Chapter 5

Cables and arches are structural elements that can only resist axial forces. Cables are flexible and can only transfer tension forces. Arches transfer compression forces and must also resist bending and shear. There are different types of arches including three-hinged arches. Cables under a uniform load form a parabolic shape with maximum tension occurring at the ends. The force in a cable varies along its length. Arches can be designed to only experience axial compression under uniform loads if shaped appropriately, such as a parabolic three-hinged arch.

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Aravind Bhashyam
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18 views

Chapter 5

Cables and arches are structural elements that can only resist axial forces. Cables are flexible and can only transfer tension forces. Arches transfer compression forces and must also resist bending and shear. There are different types of arches including three-hinged arches. Cables under a uniform load form a parabolic shape with maximum tension occurring at the ends. The force in a cable varies along its length. Arches can be designed to only experience axial compression under uniform loads if shaped appropriately, such as a parabolic three-hinged arch.

Uploaded by

Aravind Bhashyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5:

Cables and Arches


CIVL3310 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Professor CC Chang

Cables: Assumptions

Cable is perfectly flexible & inextensible


No resistance to shear/bending: same as
truss bar
The force acting the cable is always
tangent to the cable at points along its
length

Only axial force!

Example 5.1 Under Concentrated


Forces
Determine the tension in each segment of the
cable. Also, what is the dimension h?
4 unknown external reactions (Ax, Ay, Dx and Dy)
3 unknown cable tensions
1 geometrical unknown h
8 unknowns
8 equilibrium conditions

Solution
M A 0
TCD (3 / 5)( 2m) TCD ( 4 / 5)(5.5m) 3kN ( 2m ) 8kN ( 4m ) 0
TCD 6.79kN
Joint equilibrium at C
6.79kN (3 / 5) TBC cos BC 0
6.79kN ( 4 / 5) 8kN TBC sin BC 0

BC 32.3o and TBC 4.82kN


Similarly, Joint equilibrium at B

BA 53.8o and TBA 6.90kN


Finally , h ( 2m ) tan 53.8o 2.74m

BA

BC

Cable subjected to a uniform distributed


load

Consider this cable under distributed vertical


load wo

The
w
o

cable force is not a constant.

FH

Fx 0
T cos (T T ) cos( ) 0

T cos T cos T cos( ) cos

Fy 0
T sin wo (x ) (T T ) sin( ) 0
With anti - clockwise as ve
M 0 0
wo (x )(x / 2) T cos y T sin x 0

d(T cos )
0 eqn 1
dx
d(T sin )
w o eqn 2
dx
dy
tan eqn 3
dx

Cable subjected to a uniform distributed


load
d (T cos )
0 eqn 1
dx
d (T sin )
w o eqn 2
dx
dy
tan eqn 3
dx

Tsin

From Eqn 1 and let T = FH at x = 0:

T cos cons tan t FH eqn 4

FH

Integrating Eqn 2 realizing that Tsin = 0 at x = 0:

T sin wo x eqn 5

T
FH

Eqn 5/Eqn 4:

dy wo x
tan

dx FH

eqn 6

Cable subjected to a uniform distributed


load

tan

dy wo x

dx FH

eqn 6

FH

Performing an integration with y = 0 at x = 0


yields w
2
y = h at x = L
2
w
L
o
o
y
x eqn 7
FH

2 FH

Cable profile:
parabola

h 2
y 2 x
L

eqn 9

2h

eqn 8

Cable subjected to a uniform distributed


load
Tmax

Where and what is the max tension?

max

T cos FH eqn 4

T sin wo x eqn 5
T FH 2 ( wo x ) 2

T is max when x=L

FH

Tmax FH 2 ( wo L )2
wo L2
FH
2h

eqn 10

eqn 8

Tmax wo L 1 ( L / 2h )2

eqn 11

Cable subjected to a uniform


distributed load
T cos FH

T sin wo x
dy wo x
tan

dx FH

wo L
FH
2h
y

h 2
x
2
L

Tmax wo L 1 ( L / 2h ) 2

FH

Cable subjected to a uniform distributed


load

Neglect the cable weight which is uniform along the


length
x
y asubjected
cosh
A cable
to its own weight will take the form of
a

a catenary curve
This curve ~ parabolic for
small
sag-to-span
ratio
Hangers
are close
and
uniformly spaced
Wiki catenary
If forces in the hangers are known
then the structure can be analyzed
1 degree of indeterminacy

Determinate structure
hinge

Example 5.2
The cable supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m.
Determine the tension in the cable at points A, B & C.

12kN/m

Solution
The origin of the coordinate axes is established at point B,
the lowest point on the cable where slope is zero,
y

wo 2 12kN/m 2
6 2
x
x
x (1) 0.0389 x 2
2 FH
2 FH
FH

Assuming point C is located x from B:


6

6 2
x' FH 1.0 x' 2 (2)
FH

154.4kN

FH

From B to A:
6
[(30 x' )]2
FH
6
2
12
[

(
30

x
'
)]
1 .0 x ' 2
12

x' 2 60 x'900 0 x' 12.43m

FH

Solution
y 0.0389 x 2

T cos FH

TA

TC

A
C

dy
tan
0.0777 x
dx

FH=154.4kN

17.57m

tan C

dy
dx

0.966
x 12.43

C 44.0o
TC

FH
154.4

214.6kN
o
cos C cos 44.0

tan A

dy
dx

12.43m

1.366
x 17.57

A 53.79o
TA

FH
261.4kN
cos A

Example 5.3

Determine the max tension in the cable


IH

Assume the cable is parabolic


(under uniformly distributed load)

M C 0 I y Ay 0.667 FH
FH 28.13 kN

M B 0 I y Ay 18.75

Example 5.3

wo L2
FH
2h

FH 28.13 kN

wo 3.13 kN / m

Tmax wo L 1 ( L / 2h )2 46.9 kN

Cable and Arch


FH

flip
FH
What if the load direction reverses?

Arches

An arch acts as inverted cable so it receives


compression
An arch must also resist bending and shear
depending upon how it is loaded & shaped

Arches

Types of arches
indeterminate

indeterminate

indeterminate
determinate

Three-Hinged Arch

Bx

Ax
Ay

By

Problem 5-30
Determine reactions at A and C and the
cable force
3 global Eqs
1 hinge condition

Ax
Bx

Ay
By

Cy

Ax
Ay

Example 5.4
The three-hinged arch bridge has a parabolic shape and
supports the uniform load. Assume the load is uniformly
transmitted to the arch ribs.
Show that the parabolic arch is subjected only to axial
compression at an intermediate point such as point D.

Solution
y

8 kN/m

=160 kN

10

20 2

x
10 m

x2

=160 kN
=160 kN

=160 kN

tan D

160 kN =

dy
20

x
0.5
dx ( 20 )2
x 10 m

D 26.6o

0=

N D 178.9kN

=160 kN
=160 kN

VD 0
MD 0

Reflection: What Have


You Learnt?

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