Asterids Part 3 Euasterids II (campanulids)

Spring 2011

Figure 9.4 from the text

basal
asterids

(Euasterids I)

(Euasterids II)

Asterid taxa Part 3

Basal Asterids
Order Cornales
Order Ericales

Eusterids I (lamiids)
Order Solanales
Order Gentianales
Order Lamiales

Eusterids II (campanulids)
Order Apiales
Apiaceae carrots, parsley
Order Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae honeysuckle
Adoxaceae viburnum, elderberry
Order Asterales
Campanulaceae lobelias, bellflowers
Asteraceae sunflowers

Euasterids II:

Apiales: Apiaceae
(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)

Nearly cosmopolitan
Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and
other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes
usually hollow
Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera
Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;
petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually
inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior
ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to
an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)
Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences of simple or
compound umbels (sometimes condensed into a head); styles basally
swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the
ovary; seeds with oil glands
Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery
Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)
Required taxa: Daucus

Apiaceae

Zizia

Daucus
Anethum
Cicuta

Apiaceae

reduced calyx
inflexed petals
inferior ovary
2 carpels
stylopodium

Apiaceae: Daucus
-bristly annuals or biennials
with pinnately dissected leaves
-umbels compound
-involucre of more or less conspicuous
pinnate bracts
-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly
with pedicels
-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1
ribs and 4 winged 2 ribs

Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

anise
caraway

dill

Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

parsley

Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

carrot

parsnip

Euasterids II:

Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae
(The Honeysuckle Family)

Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate

regions
Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite,
simple
Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2
upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes;
stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 25, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary;
fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.
Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen
Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),
Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)
Required taxa: Lonicera

Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera
-erect or climbing shrubs
-leaves entire
-calyx teeth very short
-corolla tubular or funnelform,
often more or less irregular
-fruit a several-seeded berry

Euasterids II:

Dipsacales: Adoxaceae
(The Elderberry family)
Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but
also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere
Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple
or trifoliolate or pinnately compound
Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera
Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate, reduced;
petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short
tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5,
style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits
Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate,
showy
Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies
and wines
Required taxa: Viburnum, *Sambucus

Adoxaceae

Adoxa

Viburnum

Sambucus

Adoxaceae: Viburnum
-shrubs or small trees
-leaves simple
-inflorescences compound cymes
-flowers usually white (rarely pink)
-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed
-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort
-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe

Adoxaceae: Sambucus
-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent
-leaves pinnately compound
-inflorescences compound cymes
-corolla broadly spreading
-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits

Euasterids II:

Asterales: Campanulaceae
(The Bellflower or Lobelia Family)

Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions; also in

the montane tropics
Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap;
leaves usually alternate
Diversity: 2,200 species in 65 genera
Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate,
forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens
usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at
apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary;
fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry
Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther
parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through
tube
Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis,
Platycodon)
Required taxa: Lobelia

Campanulaceae

pollen plunger
Campanula

Downingia
Platycodon

Lobelia

Campanulaceae: Lobelia
-herbs
-flowers resupinate
-calyx 5-parted, with a short tube
-corolla with a straight tube split on
the apparently upper side, somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes,
the lower with 3 lobes
-stamens free from the corolla,
united into a tube by the anthers
but also commonly by the filaments
-capsule 2-locular, opening at the top

Euasterids II:

Asterales: Asteraceae
(The Sunflower Family Largest family of angiosperms)

Cosmopolitan
Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present
Diversity: 23,000 species in 1,535 genera
Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;
petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral
corolla; pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate,
inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus
(calyx parts)
Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate
heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often
with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray
flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes
Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory
(Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals
(marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).
Required taxa: Helianthus, Taraxacum, Solidago

Asteraceae
Pseudanthium =
false flower
disk + ray florets

phyllaries

Asteraceae
Floral Terminology:
Head (= capitulum)
Involucre
Pseudanthium
Phyllaries
Floret
Ligulate or ray floret
Disk floret

Three flower
arrangements

ray flowers only

disk flowers only

ray and disk flowers

Asteraceae: Taraxacum
-perennial or biennial herbs
-heads many-flowered, large,
solitary on a slender hollow scape,
of only ray flowers
-pappus feathery, becoming raised
on a stalk as the achene matures
-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity
for wind dispersal

Asteraceae: Helianthus
-coarse, stout herbs
-involucre of overlapping phyllaries
-heads solitary or in a corymb,
many-flowered, with both ray
and disk flowers, the ray flowers
with a yellow corolla
-chaff persistent
-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin
scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller
scales also present

Asteraceae: Solidago
-perennial herbs
-stem leaves sessile or nearly so
-heads small, mostly in racemes
or clusters
-heads few- to many-flowered,
mostly of ray flowers
-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head,
pistillate
-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles
-achenes nearly terete

Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

artichoke

Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

chicory

Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

lettuce
endive

Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

safflower oil

Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?

sunflower

Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:

Medicinal plants
Camomile (Athemis)

Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:
Dandelion (Taraxacum)

Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:
Ragweed (Ambrosia)

Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:

Ornamentals:
Chrysanthemum
(mums; Chrysanthemum)
Dahlia (Dahlia)
Daisy (Chrysanthemum)
Marigold (Tagetes)
Sunflower (Helianthus)
Zinnia (Zinnia)