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Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cell

Reproduction of prokaryotic.

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NurrazanahKarman
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96 views

Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cell

Reproduction of prokaryotic.

Uploaded by

NurrazanahKarman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4:

Reproduction of Prokaryotic cell

CONTENTS
Binary fission
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Describe the structural organization of the


prokaryotic genome

Describe the process of binary fission in


bacteria and explain how eukaryotic mitosis
may have evolved from binary fission

Describe the process of genetic


recombination in prokaryotic

Overview: The Key Roles of Cell


Division
The ability of organisms to reproduce best

distinguishes living things from nonliving matter

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of

cells, or cell division

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

GROWTH AND CELL DIVISON


In unicellular organisms, division of one cell

reproduces the entire organism


Microbial growth can be defines as the orderly

increase in quantity of all cell components and in


the number of cells of an organism.
Because of limited increase in cell size & the

frequency of cell division, growth in microorganisms


is measured by increased in cell number.

Genomic Organization
The prokaryotic genome has less DNA than the eukaryotic genome
Most of the genome consists of a circular chromosome
Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids
The typical prokaryotic genome is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a

membrane and that is located in a nucleoid region

Fig. 27-8

Chromosome

Plasmids

1 m

BINARY FISSION
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell

division called binary fission

Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission and can divide

every 13 hours

In binary fission, the chromosome replicates (beginning at the

origin of replication), and the cell form transverse septum


that separates the two daughter chromosomes into two cells

Prokaryotes can evolve rapidly because of their short

generation times

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Binary Fission
Rod-Shaped Bacterium, E. coli, dividing by
binary fission (TEM x92,750). This image is
copyright Dennis Kunkel at
www.DennisKunkel.com,

Rod-Shaped Bacterium, hemorrhagic E. coli, strain


0157:H7 (division) (SEM x22,810). This image is
copyright Dennis Kunkel

Bacterial cell division


by binary fission
1.

2.

3.

4.

Chromosome replication begin


origin moves rapidly towards
the other end of the cell.
Replication continues.
Meanwhile, the cell elongates.
Replication finishes. Septum
form.The plasma membrane
grows inwards. Anew cell wall is
deposited.

Origin of
replication
E. coli cell
Two copies
of origin

Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Bacterial
chromosome

Origin

Two daughter cell result


4

Origin

Electron micrograph of an ultra-thin section of a dividing pair of group A streptococci (20,000X). The cell surface fimbriae (fibrils) are
evident. The bacterial cell wall is seen as the light staining region between the fibrils and the dark staining cell interior. Cell division in
progress is indicated by the new septum formed between the two cells and by the indentation of the cell wall near the cell equator. The
streptococcal cell diameter is equal to approximately one micron. Electron micrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes by Maria Fazio and
Vincent A. Fischetti, Ph.D. with permission. The Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University.

The Evolution of Mitosis


Since prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes,

mitosis probably evolved from binary fission

Certain protists exhibit types of cell division that

seem intermediate between binary fission and


mitosis

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A hypothetical sequence for the evolution of mitosis


Prokaryotes. During binary fission, the origins of the
daughter chromosomes move to opposite ends of the
(a)
cell. The mechanism is not fully understood, but
proteins may anchor the daughter chromosomes to
specific sites on the plasma membrane.
Dinoflagellates. In unicellular protists called
(b) dinoflagellates, the nuclear envelope remains intact
during cell division, and the chromosomes attach to the
nuclear envelope. Microtubules pass through the
nucleus inside cytoplasmic tunnels, reinforcing the
spatial orientation of the nucleus, which then divides in a
fission process reminiscent of bacterial division.
(c) Diatoms. In another group of unicellular protists, the
diatoms, the nuclear envelope also remains intact
during cell division. But in these organisms, the
microtubules form a spindle within the nucleus.
Microtubules separate the chromosomes, and the
nucleus splits into two daughter nuclei.
(d) Most eukaryotes. In most other eukaryotes,
including plants and animals, the spindle forms
outside the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope
breaks down during mitosis. Microtubules
separate the chromosomes, and the nuclear
envelope then re-forms.

Bacterial
chromosome
Chromosomes
Microtubules
Intact nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
microtubules
Intact nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
microtubules
Centrosome
Fragments of
nuclear envelope

To be continued

Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic


recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
Prokaryotes have considerable genetic variation
Three factors contribute to this genetic diversity:
Rapid reproduction
Mutation
Genetic recombination

Rapid Reproduction and Mutation


Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and

offspring cells are generally identical


Mutation rates during binary fission are low, but

because of rapid reproduction, mutations can


accumulate rapidly in a population
High diversity from mutations allows for rapid

evolution

Genetic Recombination
Additional diversity arises from genetic

recombination

Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be

brought together by transformation, transduction,


and conjugation

Transformation and Transduction


A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate

foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in


a process called transformation

Transduction is the movement of genes between

bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect


bacteria)

The mechanism of bacterial transformation

Bacteriophage Life cycle

Generalized Transduction

Specialized transduction by phage in E.coli

Conjugation and Plasmids


Conjugation is the process where genetic material is

transferred between bacterial cells


Sex pili allow cells to connect and pull together for DNA

transfer
A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the

production of sex pili


The F factor can exist as a separate plasmid or as DNA

within the bacterial chromosome

Fig. 27-12

Sex pilus

1 m

The F Factor as a Plasmid


Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA

donors during conjugation


Cells without the F factor function as DNA

recipients during conjugation


The F factor is transferable during conjugation

Fig. 27-13

F plasmid

Bacterial chromosome

F+ cell

F+ cell

Mating
bridge
F cell

F+ cell

Bacterial
chromosome

(a) Conjugation and transfer of an F plasmid

Hfr cell

A+

F factor
F cell

A+

A+

Recombinant
F bacterium
A

(b) Conjugation and transfer of part of an Hfr bacterial chromosome

A+

A+

The F Factor in the Chromosome


A cell with the F factor built into its chromosomes

functions as a donor during conjugation


The recipient becomes a recombinant bacterium,

with DNA from two different cells


It is assumed that horizontal gene transfer is also

important in archaea

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