PHY20004

Modern Optics
Lecture 6

Cardinal points

PhotoTech_03_Ray_Tracing_Slides.pdf

In a remarkable result
The equation governing a thick lens is
The same as the one for a thin lens.

1 1 1

so si f
Except for a very important proviso!
The distances are measured from principle planes!!!
What are the principle planes?

Cardinal points
Geometrical continuation of incident ray
Surface normal
Incident ray
F
0

Cardinal points
Geometrical continuation of incident ray
Refracted ray
Incident ray
F
0

Cardinal points
Geometrical continuation of incident ray
Refracted ray
Incident ray
F
0

Cardinal points

Locus of intersection
Geometrical continuation of incident ray

Geometrical continuation of refrac

Refracted rays

2nd incident ray

Fron
t
poin focal
tF
0

tV
n
i
t
p o o in
x
lp
te
a
r
ve ncip
i
Pr
H1
1

Principal
plane

Cardinal points

F
0

Cardinal points

F
0

Principal
plane

Cardinal points

F
0

i
c
n
i
Pr
H1

t
n
i
po
l
pa

Principal
plane

Cardinal points

F
0

tV
n
i
t
p o o in
x
lp
te
a
r
ve ncip
i
Pr
H1
1

Primary
Principal
plane

Cardinal points

tV
n
i
t
p o o in
x
lp
te
a
r
ve ncip
i
Pr
H1

Fron
t
poin focal
tF
0

Principal
plane

Cardinal points

Cardinal points

Fi

Cardinal points

Fi

Cardinal points

Fi

Cardinal points

Fi

Cardinal points

Fi

Cardinal points

Fi

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Cardinal points

Fi

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Cardinal points

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Fi

Cardinal points

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Fi

Cardinal points 6
1.
2.
3.

2 focal points
2 principal points
2 nodal points

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Fi

Cardinal points 6
1.
2.
3.

2 focal points
2 principal points
2 nodal points

HN

H N

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Fi

Cardinal points 6
1.
2.
3.

2 focal points
2 principal points
Coincident if lens immersed in same
2 nodal points
medium

HN

H N

Seconda
ry
Principal
plane

Fi

Matrix methods
Translation matrix
y1 1 L y0
0 1
0
1

Refraction matrix
1

1 n n
R n

0
n
n

Ray transfer matrices

Translation matrix
1 L
T

0
1

Refraction matrix

1
R n n
Rn

0
n
n

( R) : convex
( R ) : concave

Ray transfer matrices

Refraction
matrix, plane
1 0
interface
R

n
n

0
1 matrix
Thin lens
1 n
R
f

1 n n 1 1

f
n R1 R2

R1

n
R2

( f ) : convex
( f ) : concave

Ray transfer matrices

Spherical mirror
1
R 2
R

( R) : convex
( R ) : concave

BYU Photonics - ABCD Matrix Analysis Tutorial-Ray Transfer Matrix Analysis-Transfer

Matrices_phtml.mht

n1

n3

n2

Calculate the system transfer

d3

d1

R
f

n4

d4
d5

d2

d6

Optic
axis
d7

n1

n3

n2
d3

d1

R
f

y
r0

n4

d4
d5

d2

d6

Optic
axis
d7

n1

n3

n2
d3

d1

R
f

y
r0

r1 T1 r0

n4

d4
d5

d2

d6

Optic
axis
d7

n1
n2

n3

d3
d1

R
f

y
r0

r1 T1 r0
r2 R1 r1

n4

d4
d5

d2

d6

Optic
axis
d7

n1
n2

n3

d3
d1

R
f

y
r0

n4

d4
d5

r1 T1 r0

d2

r2 R1 r1
r3 T2 r2

d6

Optic
axis
d7

n1
n2

n3

d3
d1
f

y
r0

n4

R
d4

d5

r1 T1 r0

Optic
axis
d7

d6

d2

r2 R1 r1

r4 R3 r3

r3 T2 r2

r1 T1 r 0

r5 T4 r 4

r2 R1 r1

r9 T6 r 8

r6 R3 r 5

r3 T2 r 2
r4 R2 r 3

r10 T7 r 9

r7 T5 r 6
r8 R4 r 7

r11 R4 r10
r12 T8 r11

solution
r 1 d 7 1 0 1 d 6 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0
n4
n1

1 d 5 n 1 n
0 1 1 4

Rn4

0 1 d 1 0 1 d 1
4
3

1
1 0 1
1 0 1 0
f

0
n2
n1

1 d2 1
0 1 0

0
n1
n2

1 d1 r
0 1

solution
r 1 d 7 1 0 1 d 6 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0
n4
n1

1 d 5 n 1 n
0 1 1 4

Rn4

Answer according to text

0 1 d 1 0 1 d 1
4
3

1
1 0 1
1 0 1 0
f

0
n2
n1

1 d2 1
0 1 0

0
n1
n2

1 d1 r
0 1

Tessar lens
Calculate the system transfer

0
1
nt1

1
M 1 1 nt1
Rn
1 t1

1 d 21
M2

0
1

M3

1 d32
M4

0
1

0
1
nt 3

1
M 5 1 nt 3
Rn
3 t3

1
M9 0

1 d 43
M6

0
1

0
nt1
1

1
nt1 1
R2

M7

1
nt 3 1
R4

1 d54
M8

0
1

1 d 76
M 13

0
1

0
1
nt 5

1 d 65
M 10

0
1

0
nt 3
1

M 11

M 12

M 14

1
nt 6 1
R6

1
nt 5 nt 6
R6 nt 6

0
nt 5
nt 6

1
nt 5 nt 6
R6 nt 6

0
nt 5
nt 6

0
nt 6
1

Aberrations

Aberrations

Monochromatic
Spherical
Coma
Astigmatism
Field curvature
Distortion
Chromatic
Doublets
Separated achromatic doublets

aberrations
Chromatic
Refractive index n
varies with
frequency

Image deterioration
Image deformation
1. Spherical
1. Petzval field
aberration
curvature
Monochromatic
2. Coma
2. distortion
3. astigmatism

Return to "Where you came from"

Telescopes from the Ground Up

Get to the root of it
http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g13/

Figure Reducing spherical aberration in lenses.htm

Spherical aberration
Spherical surfaces require paraxial region for
good imaging.
By using various system parameters such as
power, shape, thickness, glass types, lens
separation and stop location, these effects can
be minimized
Computer ray tracing. Can calculate the
optimum configuration but not the optimum
design. Quality factor is a rough guide.

monchromatic aberration
Paraxial
assumption

sin

So that Snells
law was written

ni sin i nt sin t ni i ntt

Now, using a
series expansion

3 5 7
sin

...
3! 5! 7!

And keeping the

first two terms

3
sin
3!

We have a third
order theory

Departures from the first

order theory are described
by 5 primary aberrations

Primary aberrations
5 primary aberrations
1. Spherical aberration
2. Coma
3. Astigmatism
4. Field curvature
5. Distortion

Collectiv
ely
known as
Seidel
aberratio
ns

Philipp Ludwig von Seidel

Mathematician
Philipp Ludwig von Seidel was a
German mathematician. His mother
was Julie Reinhold and his father was
Justus Christian Felix Seidel.
Wikipedia
Born: October 23, 1821, Zweibrcken
, Germany
Died: August 13, 1896,

Spherical aberrations
l0

li

C
si

s0
Previously it was
found

n1 n2 1 n2 si n1s0

l0 li
R li
l0
obtained

and using

n1 n2 n2 n1

s0 si
R

2 4 6
cos 1

2! 4! 6!

Spherical aberrations
n1 n2 n2 n1

s0 si
R

Using a better
approximation

n 1 1
n1 n2 n2 n1
n2 1 1
2
1

h

s0 si
R
2 si R si
2s0 s0 R

Measure of deviation from first

order theory

Focal length depends on aperture for

nonparaxial rays
h

Paraxial
focus

Different focus

Circle of least confusion

Circle of least confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

T SA
L SA

Lateral spherical
aberration

Circle of least confusion

Circle of least confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

T SA
L SA

Spherical aberration pertains

only to object points that are on
the optic axis

Lateral spherical
aberration

Circle of least confusion

Circle of least confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

T SA
L SA

Spherical aberration pertains

only to object points that are on
the optic axis

Lateral spherical
aberration
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis before the
focal point then the L.SA
is positive

Circle of least confusion

Circle of least confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

T SA
L SA

Spherical aberration pertains

only to object points that are on
the optic axis
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis after the
focal point then the L.SA
is negative

Lateral spherical
aberration
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis before the
focal point then the L.SA
is positive

Circle of least confusion

Circle of least confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

T SA
L SA

Spherical aberration pertains

only to object points that are on
the optic axis
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis after the
focal point then the L.SA
is negative

Lateral spherical
aberration
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis before the
focal point then the L.SA
is positive

Circle of
least
confusion
h

LC

Transverse spherical
aberration

Fi

The height
above or
below the
optic axis
the rays
intersect a
screen is
the lateral
or
transverse
SA
T SA

L SA

Spherical aberration pertains

only to object points that are on
the optic axis
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis after the
focal point then the L.SA
is negative

Lateral spherical
aberration
If the marginal rays cross
the optic axis before the
focal point then the L.SA
is positive

Spherical aberration caustic

caustic

Reducing SA
1. Stopping down the aperture

Reducing SA
1. Stopping down the aperture
2. Placing the screen at the circle of least confusion

http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/aberrations/spherical/index.html

Calculate the system transfer

http://toothwalker.org/optics/spherical.html
Circle of least
confusion

http://toothwalker.org/optics/spherical.html

Moving
away from
the lens

Moving
towards the
lens

Spherical aberration with

mirrors
http://www.telescope-optics.net/spherical1.htm

http://www.telescope-optics.net/spherical1.htm

Reducing SA
1. Stopping down the aperture
2. Placing the screen at the circle of least confusion
3. Turning the lens around

Reducing SA
1. Stopping down the aperture
2. Placing the screen at the circle of least confusion
3. Turning the lens around

Reducing SA
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stopping down the aperture

Placing the screen at the circle of least confusion
Turning the lens around
Symmetrical lens if object distance = image
distance

Reducing SA
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stopping down the aperture

Placing the screen at the circle of least confusion
Turning the lens around
Symmetrical lens if object distance = image
distance
5. Achromatic doublet

http://photographylife.com/what-is-spherical-aberratio
n

Real examples
Camera lens
Hubble telescope
Contact lenses

http://www.momentcorp.com/review/
nikon_noct-nikkor_58mm.html

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S

f/1.2

f/1.4

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S

f/1.2

f/1.4

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/1.2

f/1.4

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/1.2

f/1.4

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/2

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/2

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/2

on Noct-Nikkor 58mm f/1.2 AI-S

Nikon Nikkor 50mm f/1.2 AI-S
Nikkor 50mm f/1.4SC AI' d

f/2

f/2.

Historical Example: Hubble Space Telescope

Soon after the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was put in orbit (1990), it
was discovered that it could not be put into good focus (at the circle of
least confusion, the images were still very ugly).
The Airy diffraction limit desired was being reached (0.1 arcsec), but
only 12% of energy there compared to expected 70%.
Too much of the light from stars was put into the Airy rings and in a
diffuse light halo, and the point-spread-function. has a Strehl ratio of
only ~ 15-20%.
The telescope was showing classical signs of spherical aberration.
Image from the HST Wide Field/Planetary Camera 1 (WF/PC1).
The "tendrils" are from diffraction off the secondary support
struts.

It was later determined that HST primary was polished to exquisite

precision, but to an incorrect shape!
The mirror was too flat at the margins by ~ / 2.
The error was a result of a 1.3-mm error in the placement of the
device used to measure the shape of the primary when being made
by Perkin-Elmer.
The result was a 38-mm longitudinal spherical aberration:
From Hecht, Optics, Fourth Edition.

The response of NASA was a dramatic

servicing mission with the Space Shuttle
to insert "corrective eyewear" -- the
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial
Replacement (COSTAR) -- into the HST
instrument bay.
COSTAR restored >70% of the energy in
the central disk, increasing its magnitude
limit by several magnitudes and much
cleaner images.

http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/majewski/astr313/lectures/telescopes/telescopes_schmidt.
html

http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/majewski/astr313/lectures/telescopes/telescopes_schmidt.
html

Real example
Contact lenses
Note the spelling in the
website!

Aspherical http://www.colourvue.net.au/airsoft.html
The Asperical design is meant to minimize optical aberration which gives
better visual acuity in the meanwhile, resulting in better comfort and
statisfaction.

Human eyes have roughly +0.10D spherical aberration on average, with

the minimum level at around 19, when the aberration is 0.0 microns. The
situation worsens with age accompanied with blurring, descreasing
contrast sensitivity and the rest functional vision. A spherically surfaced
contact lens will introduce spherical aberration in proportion to its sphere
power, that is in a negative lens power generates negative spherical
aberration, whilst an aspheric contact lens, with appropriate aspheric
design such as Airsoft, will correct and ease the situation.