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Chapter 18 I

This document discusses Bose-Einstein gases and blackbody radiation. It covers key topics like: - Blackbody radiation spectrum depends on temperature, not the material. Electromagnetic radiation can be viewed as a photon gas. - Photons obey Bose-Einstein statistics as they are bosons. For a photon gas, the chemical potential is 0. - Properties of a photon gas are derived, including total number of photons, average energy, heat capacity, and entropy scaling with temperature. - Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of interacting particles is cooled to near absolute zero, causing particles to occupy the lowest quantum state. The chemical potential approaches zero at this point.

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Ica Lubis
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85 views

Chapter 18 I

This document discusses Bose-Einstein gases and blackbody radiation. It covers key topics like: - Blackbody radiation spectrum depends on temperature, not the material. Electromagnetic radiation can be viewed as a photon gas. - Photons obey Bose-Einstein statistics as they are bosons. For a photon gas, the chemical potential is 0. - Properties of a photon gas are derived, including total number of photons, average energy, heat capacity, and entropy scaling with temperature. - Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of interacting particles is cooled to near absolute zero, causing particles to occupy the lowest quantum state. The chemical potential approaches zero at this point.

Uploaded by

Ica Lubis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 18

Bose-Einstein Gases

18.1 Blackbody Radiation


1. The energy loss of a hot body is attributable
to the emission of electromagnetic waves
from the body.
2. The distribution of the energy flux over the
wavelength spectrum does not depend on
the nature of the body but does depend on
its temperature.
3. Electromagnetic radiation can be regarded
as a photon gas.

The spectrum of blackbody radiation


energy
for
three
temperatures:
T1>T2>T3

4. Photons emitted by one energy level can


be absorbed at another, so the total
number of photons is not constant, i.e. NJ
= N does not apply.
5. The Lagrange multiplier that was
determined by NJ = N becomes 0 (i.e. the
chemical potential becomes 0!), so that
e- a= e-0 = 1
6. Photons are bosons of spin 1 and thus
obey Bose-Einstein Statistics

For a continuous spectrum of energy

The energy of a photon is calculated with


hv
So:

Recall that g(v)dv is the number of


quantum states with frequency v in the
range v to v + dv

For phonon gas (chapter 16)


g(v)

In a photon gas, there are two states of


polarization corresponding to the two
independent directions of polarization
of an electromagnetic wave. As a result

Where c is the speed of electromagnetic


wave (i.e. light)

The energy within the frequency range


v to
v + dv equals the number of photons
within such a range times the energy
u
of each photon:
u

The above is the Planck radiation


formula, which gives the energy per
unit frequency.
When expressed in terms of the
wavelength:
Since

Here

U()

is the energy per unit wavelength

The Stephan-Boltzmann Law states that


the total radiation energy is proportional
to T4

The total energy can be calculated

Setting

one has
3
x dx
U 8
3 3 (kT ) 4 x
0 e 1
V hc

The integral has a value of


with

Particle flux equals


,
where is
the mean speed and n is the number
density.
In a similar way, the energy flux e can be
calculated as
Assuming
is the Stephan-Boltzmann Law
with
the Stephan-Boltzmann
constant.

The wavelength
at which
is a maximum can be found by setting
the derivative of
equal to zero!
Or equivalently, set
(minimum of
One has

is known as Wiens
isplacement Law

For long wavelengths:


u

(Rayleigh- Jeans formula)

For short wavelength:

Suns Surface T 6000K, thus

Sketch of Plancks law, Wiens law and


the Rayleigh-Jeans law.

Using
The surface temperature of earth
equals 300K,
which is in the infrared region
The cosmic background
microwave radiation is a
black body with a
temperature
of 2.735 0.06 K.

18.2 Properties of a Photon


Gas

The number of photons having


frequencies between v and v + d v is

8V v dv
N (v)dv 3 hv

c kT

The total number of photons in the


cavity is determined by integrating
over the infinite range of
frequencies:

Leads to
Where T is in Kelvins and V is in m3
The mean energy of a photon

The ratio of
of unity.

is therefore of the order

The heat capacity

Substitute

Entropy

Therefore, both the heat capacity


and the entropy increase with the
third power of the temperature!
For photon gas:

It shows that F does not explicitly


depends on N. Therefore,
F
P

T ,N

1 4 1U
aT
3
3V

18.1 a) calculate the total


electromagnetic energy inside an
oven of volume 1 m3 heated to a
temperature of 400 F
Solution
Use equation 18.8

18.1b) Show that the thermal energy


of the air in the oven is a factor of
approximately 1010 larger than the
electromagnetic energy.
Solution:
3
Thermal energy nRT
2
400 32

273
18

(1000 / 22.4) 8.314 103


1.77 106 J

which is 1010 times l arg er than a

18.3 BoseEinstein
Condensation
A gas of non-interacting particles (atoms &
molecules) of relatively large mass.
The particles are assumed to comprise an
ideal BE gas.
Bose Einstein Condensation: phase
transition
B E distribution:

First Goal: Analyzing how the chemical


potential varies with temperature T.
Choosing the ground state energy to
be ZERO! At T = 0 all N Bosons will
be in the ground state.
must be zero at T = 0
is slightly less than zero at non zero,
low temperature.

At high temperature, in the classical


limit of a dilute gas, M B distribution
applies:

In chapter 14:

Thus

Example: one kilomole of

He at STP

= -12.43
The average energy of an ideal
monatomic gas atom is

Confirming the validity of the dilute gas


assumption.

From chapter 12:

There is a significant flow in the above


equation (discussion )

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