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Mae 4261: Air-Breathing Engines: Ramjet Analysis Overview

This document provides an overview of ramjet engines, including their basic operation, key performance equations, and examples of ramjet-powered missiles. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Ramjets rely on forward speed for air compression rather than moving parts, and achieve thrust by accelerating exhaust gases above inlet velocities through combustion. 2) Ramjet performance depends on the increase in stagnation temperature across the combustor, with efficiencies improving at higher flight Mach numbers. 3) Examples of ramjet-powered missiles discussed include the Bomarc, Coyote, Granit, and concepts like HyFly and scramjets. 4) The next step after ramjets is turbojets, which use

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82 views20 pages

Mae 4261: Air-Breathing Engines: Ramjet Analysis Overview

This document provides an overview of ramjet engines, including their basic operation, key performance equations, and examples of ramjet-powered missiles. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Ramjets rely on forward speed for air compression rather than moving parts, and achieve thrust by accelerating exhaust gases above inlet velocities through combustion. 2) Ramjet performance depends on the increase in stagnation temperature across the combustor, with efficiencies improving at higher flight Mach numbers. 3) Examples of ramjet-powered missiles discussed include the Bomarc, Coyote, Granit, and concepts like HyFly and scramjets. 4) The next step after ramjets is turbojets, which use

Uploaded by

Rishabh Prime
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAE 4261: AIR-BREATHING ENGINES

Ramjet Analysis Overview

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department


Florida Institute of Technology
D. R. Kirk

RAMJET BASIC OPERATION


Fuel
injectors

Ramjet has no moving parts


Achieves compression of intake air by forward speed of vehicle
Air entering the intake of a supersonic aircraft is slowed by aerodynamic
diffusion created by the inlet and diffuser to low velocities
Expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion accelerates
exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at inlet and creates positive thrust

KEY RESULTS: RAMJET

T
M o e 1
m o ao
Uo

RTe

Ue M e

Uo M o

RTo

T
M o
m o ao

Me
Mo

I sp

T
m f g

TSFC

overall

c pTo

m f

T
TU 0

m f h

Tt 4

1 M o b 1 M o
Tt 3

m f h m o c p Tt 4 Tt 3
m f m o

Te
To

4 0

4
1
0

Begin with non-dimensional thrust


equation, or specific thrust
Ratio of exit to inlet velocity
expressed as ratio of Mach numbers
and static temperatures. Recall that
for a Ramjet Me=M0
Ramjet specific thrust depends on
temperature ratio across burner, b
Compare with H&P EQ. (5.27)
Energy balance across burner
Expression for fuel flow rate for
certain temperature rise of incoming
mass flow and fuel energy, h
Useful propulsion metrics
Specific impulse, thrust specific
fuel consumption, and overall
efficiency

WHAT DID WE LEARN?

Figure 5.9 from Hill and Peterson: Ramjet performance parameters vs. flight Mach number
Specific thrust has peak value for set Tmax and Ta
Specific thrust increases as maximum allowable combustor exit temperature increases
Specific fuel consumption decreases with increasing flight Mach number

WHAT DID WE LEARN?

Figure 5.10 from Hill and Peterson: Ramjet performance parameters vs. flight Mach number
Specific thrust has peak value for set Tmax and Ta. Peak is around Mach 2.5
Propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies increase continually with increasing Flight Mach number

RAMJET POWERED MISSILES

Boeing/MARC CIM-10A BOMARC A Surface-to-Air Missile


Aerojet General LR59-AG-13 liquid rocket; Two Marquardt RJ43-MA-3 ramjets

SOME DETAILS ON BOMARC MISSILE

Flight testing started in 1952


First launch from Cape Canaveral in September of 1952
Bomarc A became fully operational in 1959
Numerous deployments from Florida to Maine defended U.S. eastern sea board
Booster on Bomarc A was source of problems
Fuel was too corrosive to store in missile, so fueling took place immediately
before launch (increasing time to launch)
Fueling process was also quite hazardous, involving three steps (white fuming
nitric acid, analine-furfuryl alcohol, and kerosene)
New model that utilizes a solid fuel booster
Bomarc B became operational in 1961, and featured a safer solid fuel booster
and more powerful sustainers
Boeing built 700 Bomarc missiles between 1957 and 1964, and Bomarc in active
service until 1972
Length 46 ft. 9 in, Wingspan 18 ft. 2 in, Speed Mach 2.8, Range 250 miles, Ceiling
65,000 ft, Cost: $ 1,154,000 per shot
Propulsion:
One Aerojet General LR59-AG-13 liquid rocket
Two Marquardt RJ43-MA-3 ramjets

MISS BOMARC

http://home.att.net/~ferguspcj/mbomarc/bomarc01.htm

HyFly RAMJET CONCEPT

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/hyfly.htm

Hypersonic Flight Demonstration Program


Cruise Flight Mach Number ~ 6
Range 600 nm (1111 km)

HyFly RAMJET CONCEPT


http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/hyfly.html

HyFly program was initiated in 2002 by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and
U.S. Navy's ONR (Office of Naval Research) to develop and test a demonstrator for a hypersonic Mach
6+ ramjet-powered cruise missile
Prime contractor for HyFly missile is Boeing, Aerojet builds sustainer engine
Air-launched from F-15E and accelerated to ramjet ignition speed by solid-propellant rocket booster
Engine runs on conventional liquid hydrocarbon fuel (JP-10)
Much easier to handle than cryogenic fuels (LH 2) used on other hypersonic scramjet vehicles
Sustainer engine of HyFly is a dual-combustion ramjet (DCR) (very complex)
Two different air inlet systems
Operate as a "conventional" ramjet with subsonic combustion
Operate at hypersonic speeds as a scramjet
First scramjet engine (hybrid or otherwise) to demonstrate operability with LH 2 fuel

RAMJET POWERED MISSILES

Orbital Sciences GQM-163 Coyote: Ducted rocket/ramjet engine, Flight speed up to Mach 2.8 at seal-level
http://www.orbital.com/

Hercules MK 70 rocket booster

RUSSIA'S P-700 GRANIT LONG-RANGE ANTI-SHIP


MISSILE (SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK)

Launched by two solid-fuel boosters


before sustained flight with ramjet
Maximum speed believed ~ Mach 2.25
Range is estimated at 550 to 625 km
Weight: 7,000 kg, Length: 10 m,
Diameter: 0.85 m
Altitude up to 65,000 ft

J58 SR-71 ENGINE: RAMJET/TURBOJET HYBRID

http://aerostories.free.fr/technique/J58/J58_01/page8.html

MAIN IDEA: TURBO-RAMJET

J58 TURBO-RAMJET

RAMJET VS. SCRAMJET

Large temp rise associated with deceleration from high speed to M~0.3 for combustion
Solution for increased flight speed: decelerate to lower supersonic speeds in combustor
Combustion very difficult (flame support) in a high speed flow
Vehicle cooling requirements become very challenging

X-51

SUMMARY

Ramjet develops no static thrust

Relies on ram compression of air


Requires high speed flight

Performance depends on increase in stagnation temperature across burner


(combustor)

Efficiencies (thermal, propulsive, and overall) increase with increasing flight


Mach number

Next step: We desire an engine that develops static thrust


Put in a device to mechanically compress air (compressor)
Put in a device to power compressor (turbine)
Solution: Turbojet engine

INTERSTELLAR RAMJET: HYDROGEN-BREATHING ENGINE

In this concept, interstellar hydrogen is scooped to provide propellant mass


Hydrogen is ionized and then collected by an electromagnetic field

Onset of ramjet operation is at a velocity of about 4% speed of light


Typically, interstellar ramjets are very large systems
A ramjet sized for a 45-year manned mission to Alpha Centauri would have a ram
intake 650 km in diameter and weigh 3000 metric tons including payload

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/interstellar_ramjet.html

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