A SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

CYBORGS
BY
K RAJESH
(1005-11-765109)
M.E. CAD/CAM SEMESTER-II
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

YBORGS

INTRODUCTIO
N

Cybernetics

is the interdisciplinary study of the structure

of the regulatory system. Cybernetics is closely related to

control theory and system theory. Contemporary
cybernetics

began

as

an

interdisciplinary

study

connecting the fields of control systems, electrical

network theory, mechanical engineering, logic model,
evolutionary biology, neuroscience etc.,

ORIGIN

Cyborgs are originated from the concept of

cybernetics, which is referred as a mixture of both
organism and the technology. When an organism
is half human and half machine then we call them
CYBORG. The whole process of
Cyborg is known as Cyborgation.

becoming a

Types of Cyborgs
Convenient Cyborgs

Conditional Cyborgs

Convenient Cyborgs may refer

Conditional Cyborgs include

to any external provision of an

Bionic implants, replanting the

Exoskeleton for satisfying the

lost or damaged body for the

altered fancy needs of the body

normal living in the present

environment.

FIRST
CYBORG

The world's first cyborg was

a white lab rat, part of an
experimental program at
New York's Rockland State
Hospital in the late 1950s.
The rat had implanted in its
body a tiny osmotic pump
that
injected
precisely
controlled
doses
of
chemicals, altering several of
its physiological parameters.
It was part animal, part
machine.

SILICON CHIP

An individual implanted with a silicon chip gives

out a unique code,identifying the individual.

Can carry huge amounts of data.

Can replace an access visa or bankers card .

Carries the ability of being updated where

necessary.

A silicon chip is implanted into any part of the body

especially the region where most of the nerves are
interconnected,

and

send

and

receive

electronic impulses.

wireless communication path is preferred.

the

How is the human nervous system

organized?
The human nervous system contains:

A Central Nervous System (CNS) where

information is processed. Our central nervous
system consists of the brain and the spinal
cord.

A Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a

highway which allows signals to travel between
the CNS and the body's receptors and
effectors.

REAL LIFE CYBORGS

Cyborgs are Cybernetic Organisms. The term was
coined in 1960s when Manfred Clynes and
Nathan used it in an article about the advantages
of self-regulating human-machine systems in outer
space. The Cyborgs got there fame mainly through
the super talented characters in the fiction stories.

A cyborg can be defined as the human being who

is technologically complemented by external or
internal devices that compliment or regulate
various human body functions. Cyborgology is a
technical and socio-philosophical study which
deals with the development and spreading of the
technology to the society.

ROBOTS & CYBORGS

All

of

them,

to

some

degree,

are

programmed; they're basically computers

that move. A robot, however, doesn't
necessarily have to resemble a human. It can
be in the shape of a dog, or a lunar Lander,
or one of those giant arms in a car factory.

But cyborgs are beings that are part

mechanical and part organic. In fact,

some theorists consider anyone whose
body relies on a form of machinery in
order to survive - such as a pacemaker or
an insulin pump - to be a cyborg.

HYBROTS

A Hybrots (short

for

"hybrid

robot")

is

a cybernetic organism in the form of a robot controlled

by a computer consisting of both electronic and
biological elements. The biological elements are rat
neurons connected to a computer chip . This feat was
first accomplished by Dr. Steve Potter, a professor
of biomedical engineering at the Georgia Institute of
Technology.

What separates a hybrot from a cyborg is that the

latter term is commonly used to refer to a
cybernetically enhanced human or animal; while a
hybrot is an entirely new type of creature
constructed from organic and artificial materials. It
is perhaps helpful to think of the hybrot as "semiliving," a term also used by the hybrot's inventors.

Another interesting feature of the hybrot is its

longevity.

Neurons

separated

from

living brain usually die after a short period of

time; however, due to a specially designed
incubator utilizing a new sealed-dish culture
system, a hybrot may live as long as two
years.

What happens when a man is

merged with a computer or a
Chip ???

Professor

Kevin Warwick from department of Cybernetics,

University of Reading intend to answer with 'Project Cyborg.

On

Monday 24th August 1998, at 4:00pm , he underwent an

operation to surgically implant a silicon chip transponder in his

forearm. Dr. George Boulous carried out the operation at
Tilehurst Surgery, using local anaesthetic only.

This experiment allowed a computer to monitor

Kevin Warwick as he moved through halls and
offices of the Department of Cybernetics at the
University of Reading, using a unique identifying
signal emitted by the implanted chip.

He could operate doors, lights, heaters and other

computers without lifting a finger.

LATEST
DEVELOPMENT
S

At present Cyborgology concentrates on the

development of Conditional cyborgs. That is
living being with a mechanical body part which is
replaced for the damaged or lost body part.
Among them C-LEG has prime importance, it
has functioning similar to our leg. These external
mechanical parts works by the stimulations
received generated from our neural system.

APPLICATIONS
IN MEDICAL FIELD:
In medicine, there are two important and different
types of cyborgs: these are the restorative and the enhanced.
Restorative technologies restore lost functions, organs and
limbs. The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the
repair of broken or lost processes to revert to a healthy or
average level of function. There is no enhancement to the
original faculty and processes that were lost.

The enhancement cyborgation follows the

Principle

of

Optimal

performance:

maximizing the output with a minimized

input. Thus, the enhanced cyborg intend to
exceed normal processes or even gain new
functions that were not originally present.

ELECTRONIC TONGUE( FUTURE

MEDICAL APPLICATION )

ELECTRONIC TONGUE
IMPLEMENTATION
The

types of taste that is generated is divided into five

categories sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami

(deliciousness). Various chemicals register different tastes,
sourness by hydrogen ions including: HCl, acetic acid, and
citric acid .Saltiness is registered by NaCl, sweetness by sugars,
bitterness by MgCl(2) (chemicals such as quinine and caffeine),
and umami by monosodium glumate from seaweed, disodium
in meat/fish/mushrooms .

The electronic tongue or taste sensor has the ability to

pick the slightest change in chemical concentration
where human tongues can not. Its ability to be
objective, precise, reproducibility, and consistent make
it a valuable tool to our society.

Even though the development of taste sensors put an

actual artificial tongue for humans more plausible, robots
have also been created to deal with tongue based
operations. Tran oral robotic surgery (TORS) is used to
operate on patients who have tongue based cancers.
Robotic surgery is preferred because the incisions are
smaller, there is less blood loss, high magnification, three
dimensional optics, and overall no real complications.

CYBER
DRUGS

Tiny Silicon chips implanted in

the body could soon imitate the
effects of heroin or cocaine.

The message would activate the

chip and deliver sensations to the
brain identical to those created
by drugs and just as addictive.

A blind man wearing a camera interfaced to nerve cells in

brain to view images on Television artificially.

IN MILITARY

In defensive applications the Cybernetics and Cyborgological experiences

are held for the development of Cyborg soldier. The cyborg soldier
often refers to a soldier whose weapons as well as the survival systems are
integrated into the self, creating a human-machine interface.

Military organizations research has recently focused on the utilization of

cyborg animal. Military organisations has announced its interest in
developing cyborg insects to transmit data from sensors implanted into
the insect during its pupal stage.

The insects motion would be controlled from a MicroElectro-Mechanical-System for detecting the presence
explosives and Gas. They are also developing neural
implant to remotely control the movement of sharks.

Soldiers could be created through combinations of

biochemical, bioelectronics, and DNA manipulation.

Cyber solder has faster reflexes, deadlier accuracy,

greater resistance to fatigue, integrated weaponry, and
most importantly, lesser inclinations toward fear or
doubt in combat.

IN SPORTS

Prosthetic legs and feet are not advanced enough to give

the athlete the edge, and people with these prosthetics are
allowed to complete, possibly only because they are not
actually competitive in such -athlons. Some prosthetic leg
and feet allow for runners to adjust the length of their
stride which could potentially improve run times and in
time actually allow a runner with prosthetic leg to be
fastest in the world.

CYBER
BEETLE

A team of scientists funded by

the

US

Research
(DARPA)

Defense
Projects
have

Advanced
Agency
implanted

miniature neural and muscle

stimulation systems into beetles
to enable their flight to be
remotely controlled.

ADVANTAGES

Giving artificial sight to blind people .

Can be implemented in almost all fields where

human interaction is needed.

Interface humans with sensors then up to date

information would be sent to the cyborg for
instantaneous analysis of the status where ever
he is.

Any disease could be analyzed in terms of the

neural impulse signals.

The Cyborgs' single biggest advantage is their

skill of assimilation

Intercommunication between two peoples can

possible without using speech.

DISADVANTA
GES

Training is needed for doctors

They are all expensive

Psychological problems

Feeling different to everyone else

The risk of rejection/infection

Pain during operation

CONCLUSION

Humans have limited capabilities. Humans sense

the world in a restricted way, vision being the
best of the senses. Humans understand the world
in only 3 dimensions and communicate in a very
slow, serial fashion called speech. But it must get
improved for the human beings to exist in this
competitive world.

Only technology can make it possible. And

Cyborgology is the future technology for the
purpose to be get real. Even it has some major
defects

and

wrong

sides

technologies evolving now days.

as

like

any

ANY
QUER
IES
?????
???